**EXAM REVIEW

Stuff I need to know

Part 1: DNA Manipulation
- Methods
    - PCR
    - Gel electrophoresis
    - Restriction Digest
    - Southern Blot
- Recombinant DNA
- DNA editing

Part 2: Transcription
- Three stages of transcription
    - Initiation
        - Prokaryotes
        - Eukaryotes
    - Elongation
        - Polymerization reaction
        - stuff RNA Pol can do
    - Termination
- What do with primary transcript
    - Prokaryotes
    - Eukaryotes
        - RNA processing
            - 5’ cap
            - polyA tail
            - RNA splicing
                - Alternative splicing

Part 3a: Protein Structure
- Describe an amino acid to me
    - Single AA structure
    - Types of amino acids
    - 3 special amino acids
    - peptide bonds
- Levels of structure
    - Primary
    - Secondary
    - Tertiary
    - Quaternary

Part 3b: Translation
- Describe tRNA to me
    - Structure
- Describe parts of ribosome to me
    - Namely that large subunit
- Stages of translation
    - Initiation
        - prokaryotes
        - Eukaryotes
    - Elongation
    - Termination
- Protein domains: just define it for me and be on your merry way
    - Folding domain
- Post-translational modification

Part 4: Regulation of Gene Expression
- Epigenetic stuff
    - Chromatin remodeling
        - HATs and HDACs
    - Methylation
- Regulation of an entire chromosome
    - X-inactivation
        - Explain dosage compensation
        - Explain how X-inactivation works pls
- Stuff during transcription
    - Regulatory transcription factors
        - Ones that bind to enhancer/recruit GTFs
        - Ones that work w/silencers
        - Define combinatorial control
- RNA editing
    - RNA editing is the process in which some RNA molecules become a substrate for enzymes that modify particular bases in the RNA, thereby changing its sequence and sometimes what it codes for.
- Small regulatory RNA
    - miRNA
    - siRNA
- Translational regulation
    - Translational regulation controls the rate, timing, and location of protein synthesis.
    - Just basically presence/absence of stuff that’s supposed to be there I guess, lol. As in, 5’ cap, polyA tail, etc… Whatever, just look at your watch.
    - Remember, “UTR” = “untranslated region”!
- Post-translational modification (again lol)
- Transcriptional regulation (all this crap is prokaryotic)
    - Positive
    - Negative
- LAC operon
    - Define:
        - Operon
        - Polycistronic mRNA
    - Stuff in lac operon
        - LacZ
        - LacY
        - LacO = operon
        - LacI
        - Regulatory sequences
            - Promoter
            - Operator
                - Binding site for repressor
            - CRP-cAMP-binding site
                - Binding site for positive regulator
    - Behavior of LacI
    - Behavior of CRP-cAMP complex
- Replicate plating… what
    - X-gal turns blue if beta-galactosidase is present
    - ONPG turns yellow if beta-galactosidase is present

I hope you finish before the wee hours of 6:59~