template<typename T, typename U> inline ostream &operator<< (ostream &_out, const pair<T, U> &_p) { _out << _p.first << ' ' << _p.second; return _out; }
template<typename T, typename U> inline istream &operator>> (istream &_in, pair<T, U> &_p) { _in >> _p.first >> _p.second; return _in; }
template<typename T> inline ostream &operator<< (ostream &_out, const vector<T> &_v) { if (_v.empty()) { return _out; } _out << _v.front(); for (auto _it = ++_v.begin(); _it != _v.end(); ++_it) { _out << ' ' << *_it; } return _out; }
template<typename T> inline istream &operator>> (istream &_in, vector<T> &_v) { for (auto &_i : _v) { _in >> _i; } return _in; }
template<typename T> inline ostream &operator<< (ostream &_out, const set<T> &_s) { if (_s.empty()) { return _out; } _out << *_s.begin(); for (auto _it = ++_s.begin(); _it != _s.end(); ++_it) { _out << ' ' << *_it; } return _out; }
template<typename T> inline ostream &operator<< (ostream &_out, const multiset<T> &_s) { if (_s.empty()) { return _out; } _out << *_s.begin(); for (auto _it = ++_s.begin(); _it != _s.end(); ++_it) { _out << ' ' << *_it; } return _out; }
template<typename T> inline ostream &operator<< (ostream &_out, const unordered_set<T> &_s) { if (_s.empty()) { return _out; } _out << *_s.begin(); for (auto _it = ++_s.begin(); _it != _s.end(); ++_it) { _out << ' ' << *_it; } return _out; }
template<typename T> inline ostream &operator<< (ostream &_out, const unordered_multiset<T> &_s) { if (_s.empty()) { return _out; } _out << *_s.begin(); for (auto _it = ++_s.begin(); _it != _s.end(); ++_it) { _out << ' ' << *_it; } return _out; }
template<typename T, typename U> inline ostream &operator<< (ostream &_out, const map<T, U> &_m) { if (_m.empty()) { return _out; } _out << '(' << _m.begin()->first << ": " << _m.begin()->second << ')'; for (auto _it = ++_m.begin(); _it != _m.end(); ++_it) { _out << ", (" << _it->first << ": " << _it->second << ')'; } return _out; }
template<typename T, typename U> inline ostream &operator<< (ostream &_out, const unordered_map<T, U> &_m) { if (_m.empty()) { return _out; } _out << '(' << _m.begin()->first << ": " << _m.begin()->second << ')'; for (auto _it = ++_m.begin(); _it != _m.end(); ++_it) { _out << ", (" << _it->first << ": " << _it->second << ')'; } return _out; }