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  1. [m] = mediafire
  2.  
  3. Work in progress.
  4.  
  5. The Terrain. Some basic structure:
  6.  
  7. At the most basic the intracellular (cytoplasm) and extracellular environments are separated by a phospholipid bilayer.
  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_mosaic_model#/media/File:Cell_membrane_detailed_diagram_en.svg
  9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer
  10. Like the bulk organism, it is essentially transparent to magnetic fields.
  11.  
  12. The cellular environment where these phenomena take place:
  13. "In cellular aggregates that form tissues of higher animals, cells are separated by narrow fluid channels that take on special importance in signaling from cell to cell. These channels act as windows on the electrochemical world surrounding each cell. Hormones, antibodies, neurotransmitters and chemical cancer promoters, for example, move along them to reach binding sites on cell membrane receptors. These narrow fluid "gutters," typically not more than 150 A wide, are also preferred pathways for intrinsic and environmental electromagnetic (EM) fields, since they offer a much lower electrical impedance than cell membranes. Although this intercellular space (ICS) forms only about 10 percent of the conducting cross section of typical tissue, it carries at least 90 percent of any imposed or intrinsic current, directing it along cell membrane surfaces.
  14.  
  15. Numerous stranded protein molecules protrude from within the cell into this narrow ICS. Their glycoprotein tips form the glycocalyx, which senses chemical and electrical signals in surrounding fluid. Their highly negatively charged tips form receptor sites for hormones, antibodies, neurotransmitters, and for many metabolic agents, including cancer promoters. These charged terminals form an anatomical substrate for the first detection of weak electrochemical oscillations in pericellular fluid, including field potentials arising in activity of adjacent cells or as tissue components of environmental fields."
  16. Adey 1993 - Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5306/e5b2a202f3aaa815ff553d5d28c5606a746f.pdf)
  17.  
  18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix
  19.  
  20. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  21.  
  22. Statements:
  23. IARC 2011 - IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans
  24. https://www.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf
  25. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/iarc-urged-reassess-rf
  26.  
  27. California Medical Association, resolution 107-14
  28. https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1020824247004/10%20-%20California%20Medical%20Association%20Resolution-highlighted.pdf
  29.  
  30. American Academy of Pediatrics
  31. https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7520941318.pdf
  32.  
  33. American Association for Justice
  34. https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7520941319.pdf
  35.  
  36. Martha Herbert, PhD. Pediatric neurology, Mass. General.
  37. https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7520940748.pdf
  38.  
  39. Martin Pall, PhD. Professor emeritus at Washington State University, Biochemistry and Basic Medical Sciences
  40. Letter to California legislators
  41. https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Pall-Letter-to-CalLegis-FINAL-8-7-17.pdf
  42. Letter to California Governor
  43. http://electromagnetichealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Pall-Martin-Ltr-to-Gov-Brown-092317.pdf
  44.  
  45. Russian National Committee of Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (RNCNIRP) - 2008 report, WHO
  46. https://www.who.int/peh-emf/project/mapnatreps/RUSSIA%20report%202008.pdf
  47. https://www.magdahavas.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Russia_20110514-rncnirp_resolution.pdf
  48.  
  49. Many appeals have been made over the last decade. All have been ignored or met by blockade at the regulatory level, and this trend should be expected to continue without significant pressure by the general population.
  50. https://www.5gspaceappeal.org/
  51. https://www.5gappeal.eu/
  52. https://www.emfscientist.org/
  53. https://www.magdahavas.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Russia_20110514-rncnirp_resolution.pdf
  54. https://magdahavas.com/international-experts-perspective-on-the-health-effects-of-electromagnetic-fields-emf-and-electromagnetic-radiation-emr/
  55.  
  56. Norm Alster - Captured Agency: How the Federal Communications Commission Is Dominated by the Industries It Presumably Regulates
  57. https://ethics.harvard.edu/files/center-for-ethics/files/capturedagency_alster.pdf
  58.  
  59. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  60.  
  61. Standards:
  62.  
  63. Gandhi 2019 - Microwave Emissions From Cell Phones Exceed Safety Limits in Europe and the US When Touching the Body
  64. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8688629
  65.  
  66. Gandhi 2012 - Exposure Limits: The underestimation of absorbed cell phone radiation, especially in children
  67. Summary: https://ehtrust.org/a-summary-exposure-limits-the-underestimation-of-absorbed-cellphone-radiation-especially-in-children/
  68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21999884
  69.  
  70. Massey
  71. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2692&context=dlj
  72.  
  73. https://www.etsi.org/
  74.  
  75. https://www.icnirp.org/en/frequencies/high-frequency/index.html
  76.  
  77. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  78.  
  79. Current news:
  80. https://ehtrust.org/key-issues/cell-phoneswireless/5g-news/
  81. Joel M Moskowitz - We Have No Reason to Believe 5G Is Safe
  82. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/we-have-no-reason-to-believe-5g-is-safe/
  83. And its counterpart
  84. David R Grimes - Don’t Fall Prey to Scaremongering about 5G
  85. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/dont-fall-prey-to-scaremongering-about-5g/
  86. Offers very little actual evidence and seems to try to wrap it up by drawing in other controversies (vaccines etc). Many of the claims (and points) made are addressed throughout this document, some of them actually go way back and down some very interesting avenues. Despite claims of cherrypicking, a massive amount of data has been produced over the last 100+ years, and the bulk of it, its indications, and the direction the total body of literature is pointing, has been omitted from this analysis. For example it's implied the NTP study's methodology must be of low quality, and its results useless, because male rats had a longer lifespan, which therefore inherently contradicts DNA damage and higher cancer incidence in certain animals. Now taking this from a broader scope, when research was still being funded and carried out properly from the 50's to mid 90's, this was a recurring finding. Soviet researchers were reporting an initial increase in lifespan and certain metrics of health in offspring for a generation or two as early as the 1960's, Magras and Xenos of Greece during the 90's found the same thing in rats, but nonetheless, with population level irreversible infertility occurring within five generations. Why is he talking as though no one has ever done multi-generational exposure studies? Why is he acting like teratogenicity research was never carried out? Was it just that no one bothered to do it? No. Because research is "old" (generally the argument), should it be excluded from our risk assessment, particularly when no one has bothered to fund modern research before "deploying" these systems onto the citizenry? Hence, "we have no reason to believe 5G is safe"
  87.  
  88. On this note, yet another paper was published recently showing behavioral changes into adulthood with prenatal 4G LTE exposure.
  89. Broom 2019 - Early-Life Exposure to Pulsed LTE Radiofrequency Fields Causes Persistent Changes in Activity and Behavior in C57BL/6J Mice
  90. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bem.22217
  91. Papers like this are being published at an increasing rate, yet aren't mentioned even tangentially.
  92. A behind the scenes look at Scientific American's editorial process for these articles:
  93. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/open-season-5g-critics
  94.  
  95. A class action lawsuit has been brought against Apple and Samsung after independent testing by the Chicago Tribune found they were emitting as much as 500% in excess of the FCC's safety standard.
  96. https://www.chicagotribune.com/investigations/ct-cell-phone-radiation-testing-20190821-72qgu4nzlfda5kyuhteiieh4da-story.html
  97. https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/consumer-products/electronics/916517-apple-samsung-class-action-says-phones-emit-radiation/
  98. https://www.classaction.org/media/cohen-et-al-v-apple-inc-et-al.pdf
  99. Health effects reported in Geneva
  100. https://www.emfacts.com/2019/07/swiss-magazine-reports-first-5g-injuries-in-geneva/?fbclid=IwAR39lEfe3LkusZv722LyCWzJGeoCWL4IKRVoOSlH463nopkXvjUXypJS1i8
  101. Protest over small cell siting in San Diego
  102. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nf35B5lloEM
  103. Lloyds London won't insure claims for wireless health effects.
  104. https://smartmeterharm.org/2015/03/18/lloyds-of-london-excludes-liability-coverage-for-rfemf-claims/
  105. Swiss Re has classed 5G as high risk for insurers.
  106. https://www.swissre.com/institute/research/sonar/sonar2019/SONAR2019-off-the-leash.html
  107. This distancing of insurers from telecom is a continuation of a trend that began and solidified in the mid 90's.
  108. http://www.emfandhealth.com/Swiss-ReElectrosmog.pdf (SwissRe in 1996)
  109. https://microwavenews.com/news/backissues/m-j95issue.pdf (page 3, etc)
  110. https://microwavenews.com/riskreason.html
  111. https://www.claimsjournal.com/news/national/2013/08/21/235352.htm
  112. Mobile phones are perceived as high risk, and recognized to be a powder keg where it's just a matter of time. Investors, if properly informed, wouldn't go anywhere near 5G. Probably why some reports show they aren't stating any risks in their marketing material, a form of fraud.
  113.  
  114. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  115.  
  116. 5G and Millimeter Waves:
  117.  
  118. 5G builds on top of 4G, and has four main elements:
  119. -LED streetlights, which can be potentially fitted with urban scanning radar
  120. -Millimeter wave small cells
  121. -New forms of WiFi
  122. -Densification of new and existing exposures
  123. And running fiber optic cable as the spine, which will allow all this data collection and transmission.
  124.  
  125. A short summary of research
  126. https://ehtrust.org/scientific-research-on-5g-and-health/
  127.  
  128. Overview by Martin Pall.
  129. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfldSblSi_I
  130. Prof. Lennart Hardell, Prof. emer. Martin Pall and Dr. Ivo Müürsepp discuss EMFs, 04.06.2019
  131. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=au2GZtrHIBM
  132.  
  133. Summaries and general reviews:
  134. [m]Pall 2018 - 5G: Great risk for EU, U.S. and International Health! Compelling Evidence for Eight Distinct Types of Great Harm Caused by Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposures and the Mechanism that Causes Them
  135. (https://peaceinspace.blogs.com/files/5g-emf-hazards--dr-martin-l.-pall--eu-emf2018-6-11us3.pdf)
  136. https://ehtrust.org/key-issues/cell-phoneswireless/5g-networks-iot-scientific-overview-human-health-risks/
  137. (https://www.youtube.com/user/watchehtrust/videos)
  138. Pakhomov 1998 - Current state and implications of research on biological effects of millimeter waves: a review of the literature.
  139. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9771583
  140. http://ww2.odu.edu/~opakhomo/publications/1998_bioelectromagnetics_Rev_opt.pdf
  141. "The term "millimeter waves" (MMW) refers to extremely high-frequency (30–300 GHz) electromagnetic oscillations. Coherent oscillations of this range are virtually absent from the natural electromagnetic environment. This absence might have had important consequences. First, living organisms could not have developed adaptation to MMW during the course of evolution on Earth. Second, some specific features of MMW radiation and the absence of external "noise" might have made this band convenient for communications within and between living cells [Golant, 1989; Betzky, 1992]. These arguments, although not adequately proven, are often used to explain the high sensitivity to MMW of biological subjects. Indeed, MMW have been reported to produce a variety of bioeffects, many of which are quite unexpected from a radiation penetrating less than 1 mm into biological tissues. A number of theoretical models have been set forth to explain peculiarities and primary mechanisms of MMW biological action [Frohlich 1980, 1988; Golant, 1989; Grundler and Kaiser, 1992; Belyaev et al., 1993a; Kaiser, 1995]."
  142.  
  143. ICNIRP, regulatory structure
  144. https://www.investigate-europe.eu/publications/how-much-is-safe/
  145. Joel Moskowitz 2019 - The ICNIRP Cartel and the 5G Mass Experiment
  146. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qNcaWa85khAk9YO9Z2J3nAFmVw9eMTHw/view
  147.  
  148. Wi-Fi "WiGig". This new version of WiFi will use the 60 GHz band and new modulation schemes.
  149. https://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wi-fi-certified-wigig
  150. Pogam 2019 - Untargeted metabolomics unveil alterations of biomembranes permeability in human HaCaT keratinocytes upon 60-GHz millimeter-wave exposure
  151. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-45662-6
  152.  
  153. It appears industry is now trying to stall until at least 2020 while it deploys 5G and other infrastructure.
  154. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/iarc-urged-reassess-rf
  155.  
  156. Martin Pall to the NIH on 5G
  157. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBsUWbUB6PE
  158. Dr. Sharon Goldberg Testifies at Michigan's 5G Small Cell Tower Legislation Hearing October 4, 2018
  159. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CK0AliMe-KA
  160. Scientists Warn of Health Effects: Washington DC Council 5G Small Cell Roundtable
  161. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljLynbr5iPc
  162. Claire Edwards, UN
  163. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SlpEyvDmw4
  164.  
  165. Government and industry:
  166. United States:
  167. Senator Blumenthal Raises Concerns on 5G, industry has made no attempt to study effects
  168. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekNC0J3xx1w&t=42s
  169. Worth noting, at least one industry interest group later made a (fairly trivial) donation to Blumenthal's next campaign.
  170. https://www.fec.gov/data/disbursements/?data_type=processed&committee_id=C00262295&two_year_transaction_period=2020&min_date=01%2F01%2F2019&max_date=12%2F31%2F2020
  171.  
  172.  
  173. FCC plans
  174. https://www.c-span.org/video/?411277-1/fcc-chair-tom-wheeler-delivers-remarks-5g-networks
  175.  
  176. White house disposition (Long):
  177. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBbY8fvTidU
  178.  
  179. DARPA and 5G
  180. 5G & Spectrum Sharing Panel, Mobile World Congress LA 2019
  181. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRtdMI-VNtk
  182. Most relevant parts begin ~35:00
  183. -Use of 37 GHz
  184. -Signal densification
  185. -AI assistance
  186. -Optimizing beamforming configuration
  187. -Environmental mapping
  188. -Temporal pattern recognition, routines, time of day, etc
  189. DARPA Seeks to Improve Military Communications with Digital Phased-Arrays at Millimeter Wave
  190. https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2018-01-24
  191. -New program aims to create multi-beam, digital phased-array technology, operating at 18-50 GHz to enhance secure communications between military platforms
  192. https://www.militaryaerospace.com/rf-analog/article/16726429/darpa-to-brief-industry-on-radiobio-program-to-communicate-biologically-using-radio-waves
  193. Millimeter Wave Digital Arrays (MIDAS)
  194. https://www.darpa.mil/program/millimeter-wave-digital-arrays
  195. https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2017-06-23
  196. https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2017-08-04
  197.  
  198. -Media and disinformation
  199. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/fact-free-hit-5g-critic
  200.  
  201. Research and mechanisms:
  202. Millimeter waves:
  203. -Prior work, effects, unique actions, and mechanisms:
  204. Adey 1993 - Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields:
  205. "COOPERATIVE MODELS OF FREE RADICAL BEHAVIOR IN EM FIELD BIOEFFECTS
  206.  
  207. Research at the other extreme in the EM spectrum also support concepts of free radical interactions. There may be special significance to biomolecular interactions with millimeter wave EM fields. At frequencies within the range 10-1,000 GHz, resonant vibrational or rotational interactions, not seen at lower frequencies, may occur with molecules or portions of molecules. Biomolecular and cell research in this spectral region has been meager. Studies in solutions of DNA and of growth effects in bacteria have yielded conflicting results that may relate to extreme technical difficulties not encountered at lower frequencies. There are major problems in the engineering of suitable exposure systems, in ensuring biocompatible exposure devices, and in evaluation of experimental data for physical and biological artifacts.
  208.  
  209. Studies of yeast cell growth by a team of German scientists over the past 15 years using athermal millimeter wave fields have shown that growth appears finely "tuned" to applied field frequencies around 42 GHz, with successive peaks and troughs at intervals of about 10 MHz. In recent studies, they noted that the sharpness of the tuning increases as the intensity of the imposed field decreases; but the tuning peak occurs at the same frequency when the field intensity is progressively reduced. Moreover, clear responses occur with incident fields as weak as 5 picowatts/cm^2.
  210.  
  211. In a recent synthesis emphasizing nonthermal interactions of EM fields with cellular systems, Grundler et al. [1992] present models of the sequence of EM field transductive coupling, based on magnetic field-dependent chemical reactions, including cytochrome-catalyzed reactions that involve transient radical pairs, and production of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen or nitric oxide, leading to further highly cooperative amplification step. Based on Frohlich's [1986] model of interactions between an imposed field and high-frequency (10^12 Hz) intracellular van der Pol oscillators, they conclude that "imposed fields can be active even at intensities near zero." In other words, a threshold might not exist in such a system."
  212. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5306/e5b2a202f3aaa815ff553d5d28c5606a746f.pdf
  213.  
  214. -Effects on water, structure and arrangement of water
  215. It has long been postulated that many RF effects originate from a change in the structural (electrical) characteristics of water surrounding particularly hydrophilic structures.
  216. [m][CIA] 1979 - TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (FOUO 3 79) EFFECTS ON NONIONIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (JRPS 8591)
  217. Page 7 (2): Il'ina SA et al - THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF WATER IN TRANSFER OF MILLIMETER RANGE RADIATION TO BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS
  218. "A study was made of the effect of radiation in the millimeter range (RMR) on human hemoglobin and blood erythrocytes, which is manifested by enhancement (or attenuation) of the heme-globin bond and decrease in osmotic resistance of erythrocyte membranes, The observed effect could not be attributed to mere warming of the irradiated suspension. A maximum effect on erythrocytes was obtained in a strongly diluted suspension, when the energy absorbed directly by erythrocytes is at a minimum, The obtained data warrant the assumption that the effects of RMR on biological objects are determined by interaction between the biological object and water in the radiation field, and not by the magnitude of directly absorbed energy."
  219.  
  220. "Several studies have demonstrated the existence of a nonthermal effect of RMR on biological objects on different levels of organization, including the hemoglobin (Hb) macromolecule. To explain these effects, it was assumed that there is excitation of rotary oscillations of some dipole groups in the Hb active center, or else excitation of oscillations of protein as a whole was considered. Thus far, however, there is no explanation for the fact that the magnitude of the effect is lower in the case of irradiation of powder than aqueous solutions of Hb, At the same time, with a low concentration of Hb in water (c ~3-5%), as a result of considerable extinction of RMR in water, there is a relative decrease in RMR absorption by protein, the thickness of the irradiated layer being constant, with decrease in wavelength. Thus, the conception that the effects are determined by the field that permeates biological objects apparently requires more exact definition."
  221.  
  222. "Effects of RMR on aqueous solutions of Hb: It has been shown that RMR (6-8 mm) [37.474 - 49.965 GHz] has an effect on aqeuous solutions of Hb obtained from human erythrocytes; there was strengthening or weakening of the heme-globin bond. It was interesting to investigate the effects of shorter waves on Hb using the same method."
  223. [...]
  224. "Thus, our study of the effects of RMR on stability of the heme-globin bond in Hb in aqueous solutions and osmotic stability of E membranes containing Hb indicates that the magnitude of the effects are retained when solutions of Hb are used instead of dry preparations thereof, with reduction of wavelength, as well as an appreciable correlation between the level of nonthermal effect of RMR on E and concentration of the latter in the suspension. A maximum effect was obtained with strongly diluted specimens, when the overall energy directly absorbed by E is at a minimum. The obtained data warrant the assumption that the effect of RMR is not determined by the magnitude of absorbed energy, but by its interaction with the aqueous medium in the radiation field (for example, through the hydrate membrane of macromolecules and biological structures). For the time being, on the basis of the factual data, we can only assume that the effect of RMR on aqueous solutions of Hb and E suspensions is not related, to some extent, to the optical thickness of the irradiated specimen, i.e., it is determined by processes at the surface of the solution.
  225.  
  226. The described distinctions of RMR effects can be attributed, for example, to excitation in water of oscillations of the quasicrystalline (like ice) structure of water. We know of effects (used to measure force of RMR) of the mechanical action of coherent radiation on macroscopic objects with time-averaged force of radiation pressure. Perhaps, when biological objects are exposed to RMR transfer through water of an effect that is variable in time, i.e., that depends on the signal frequency, plays a role. The possibility of such an effect is attributable expressly to absorption of wave energy by the surface layer ^l skin^«l). The variable force of radiation pressure p(t) is determined only by its intensity I (I can reach several dynes/cm2, which is higher by a factor of 10^4-10^5 than from noncoherent sources). It is rather important that the macromolecules themselves and other structures present resonance oscillations expressly in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges of waves. Excitation of protein oscillations as a "solid body" in the case of macromolecules can apparently lead to "warming" of the active center, which is related to changes in biological structures that are manifested in experimental observation of the effects."
  227.  
  228. Pakhomov 1998 - Current state and implications of research on biological effects of millimeter waves: a review of the literature.
  229. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9771583
  230. http://ww2.odu.edu/~opakhomo/publications/1998_bioelectromagnetics_Rev_opt.pdf
  231. "A number of independent studies have shown specific MMW effects in the absence of living subjects, i.e., in solutions of biomolecules and even in pure water. Fesenko and Gluvstein [1995] analyzed MMW effects on periodic voltage oscillations during discharge of a water capacitor. The capacitor, which was a distilled water sample in a 1-mm capillary, was charged by 18 V, 1-ms-wide unipolar rectangular pulses. The capacitor discharged within 500–600 ms after a pulse. The discharge curve contained periodic voltage oscillations reaching 10–15 mV. The Fourier spectrum of these oscillations included two strong peaks, at 5.25 and 46.8 Hz, and these peaks did not change during at least 2 h of experimentation. The water sample was exposed at 36 GHz from an open-ended waveguide (7.2 1 3.4 mm cross-section). Irradiation at 50 mW output power greatly reduced the 46.8 Hz peak in 1 min and virtually eliminated it in 10 min; the 5.25 Hz peak shifted to 6.75 Hz. These changes showed little or no recovery within 2–60 min after cessation of a 10-min exposure. Irradiation at 5 mW output power produced similar changes, but, unexpectedly, was far less effective: the changes developed more slowly, and the original peaks were restored more quickly. Mechanisms of the phenomenon itself, its anomalous power sensitivity, and the long-lasting ‘‘memory’’ of water were not understood. The authors suggested that MMW-induced changes in water properties could underlie biological effects.
  232.  
  233. Direct MMW effects on pure water properties were also observed by holographic interferometry [Berezhinskii et al., 1993; Litvinov et al., 1994]. Refraction of light in fluid was determined from the width and number of interference bands formed by a He-Ne laser beam (630 nm) passing through the fluid and a referent beam. Irradiation of distilled water at 10 mW output power for 5–7 min caused no effect at 41.5 GHz, but decreased the number of the interference bands from 6 to 5 at 51.5 GHz; the distance between the bands increased 1.2 times. These changes developed faster and were more profound in a 2% human blood plasma solution. The effect reached saturation in 6–7 min and was completely reversible. Both theoretical calculations and direct measurements established that maximal MMW heating was about 1C. MMW-induced changes in the light refraction coefficient were almost an order of magnitude greater than produced by conventional heating by 1C and, therefore, were attributed to a specific effect of MMW.
  234.  
  235. Other properties of blood plasma, such as dielectric permittivity and absorption coefficient, could be altered by MMW irradiation as well [Belyakov et al., 1989]. Changes of only 0.05–0.5% in these parameters were measured but were well beyond the limits of the method used (0.01%). The sensitivity of plasma samples to particular radiation wavelengths strongly varied from one blood donor to another. Khizhnyak and Ziskin [1996] analyzed peculiarities of MMW heating and convection phenomena in water solutions. Besides the most expected reaction (gradual temperature rise), irradiation could induce either temperature oscillations and a decrease in average temperature or a biphasic response in which the temperature initially rises and then decreases. These anomalous effects resulted from convective processes, i.e., the formation of a toroidal vortex. When the vortex became stable, the temperature decreased after the initial rise phase, although the irradiation was constantly maintained. The local temperature could decrease with increasing power density, and, in biological systems, this would appear as an effect opposite to heating. Probably, this phenomena could explain some of reported ‘‘nonthermal’’ MMW effects. If irradiation continued for a long time (30–40 min), the convection phenomena disappeared and could not be reintroduced, even after restoration of the initial temperature. This observation suggested that some irreversible process had occurred in the liquid, which resembles findings of the water ‘‘memory’’ cited above.
  236.  
  237. The supposed role of water as a primary target for MMW radiation motivated Zavizion et al. [1994] and Kudryashova et al. [1995] to study how MMW absorption at the wavelengths of 2.0, 5.84, and 7.12 mm is affected by the presence of other substances, namely a-amino acids (0.25–2.5 mol/l). Because MMW absorption by amino acid molecules is negligible, the absorption of solutions in most cases decreased proportionally to the amino acid concentration. This difference in absorption by pure water and solutions, called ‘‘absorption deficit,’’ increased with increasing length of the hydrophobic radical in a series of homologous amino acids (glycine, alanine, GABA, valine). Paradoxically, the absorption deficit was negative for sarcosine at 5.84 mm and 7.12 mm and for glycine at all the wavelengths, meaning that these two amino acids can increase MMW absorption by water molecules.
  238.  
  239. A detailed theoretical analysis of MMW absorption in flat structures with high water content was performed by Ryakovskaya and Shtemler [1983]. The authors produced dependencies of the specific absorption rate (SAR) on the radiation frequency, temperature, thickness of the absorptive medium, and presence of dielectric layer(s) above and/or underneath. This work modeled most common biological setups, such as irradiation of cell suspensions in Petri dishes, cuvettes, etc. The wavelength in the medium, reflection coefficients, depth of penetration, and SAR at the surface of a semi infinite absorptive medium were calculated for wave lengths from 1 to 10 mm, using 1-mm steps. For example, the depth of penetration for 1- and 10-mm wavelengths at 20C equals 0.195 mm and 0.56 mm, respectively, and the respective surface SARs are 79.4 and 15.5 mW/cm3 per 1 mW/cm2. Exposure through a thin dielectric layer (e.g., bottom of a Petri dish) may decrease reflection and further increase SAR by up to 2.5 times. SAR in thin absorptive films (0.1–0.01 mm) increases greatly and may exceed SAR at the surface of a semi-infinite medium more than 10-fold. Further more, presence of a dielectric above or below the thin absorptive film may increase SAR in the film by as much as 20-fold. Apparently, the possibility of reaching very high SAR levels and of local heating cannot be underestimated, even for the incident power levels that are often regarded as nonthermal (0.1–1 mW/cm2)."
  240.  
  241. Perhaps "despiraling" and other alterations of DNA behavior involve the surrounding water, along with the reduced activity of DNA repair enzymes (See Belyaev below).
  242. [m]Nonlinear Electrodynamics in Biological Systems (1984) - W. Ross Adey, Albert F. Lawrence
  243. Page 35: Swicord ML et al - STRONG INTERACTIONS OF RADIOFREQUENCY FIELDS WITH NUCLEIC ACIDS
  244. "There is one observed aberration that is unique to RF energy exposure - despiralization - the uncoiling of chromosomes, which may suggest the breakage of histone bonds. This despiralization due to RF exposure was observed independently by different investigators. Yao and Jiles5 observed despiralization in rat kangaroo cells exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation {Fig 1) and Stodolnik-Baranska observed the same phenomena in human lymphocytes exposed to 2.95 GHz radiation {Fig 2). The uncoiling phenomenon, which has been described only following microwave exposure, could possibly suggest the excitation of modes not apparently coupled to the thermal bath, an unusual interaction with the forces holding together the DNA and mammalian chromosome material."
  245.  
  246. "The most interesting phenomenon is the considerable increase in absorption of the solution containing DNA. We extracted DNA from E.coli by conventional methods and resuspended the extraction at a concentration of what we then thought was 17 mg/ml but now believe to be much less. The D.C. conductivity of the DNA solution was measured and found to be a factor of 23 less than the D.C. conductivity of the saline solution. Thus, there is a 10 or 20% increase in the absorption because of a 1% by weight addition of DNA to the solution."
  247.  
  248. "Both theoretical considerations and experimental data demonstrate that the DNA molecule reacts strongly with radiofrequency wave radiation. The induction of dipole moments along the chain producing longitudinal acoustic vibrational modes seems plausible. These interactions appear to be broad in frequency. The presence of hydrogen bonds along the DNA chain and histone bonds in the mammalian chromosomal system may provide the nonlinear interactive forces these could lead, as in the Davydov-Alpha-Helix-protein model, to the formation of robust solitary waves. The dispersive-vibrational modes reported here (on purified DNA and not the mammalian chromosomal system) are certainly energetic enough to drive a soliton generating process, provided that non-linear modes exist in the molecule and that the coupling to these modes is strong."
  249.  
  250. -Brillouin Precursors
  251. https://betweenrockandhardplace.wordpress.com/2019/05/24/guest-blog-can-5g-phased-array-antennas-generate-brillouin-precursors-by-don-maisch/
  252. https://microwavenews.com/news/backissues/m-a02issue.pdf
  253. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a282990.pdf
  254.  
  255. -Millimeter waves and the skin:
  256. https://ehtrust.org/letter-fcc-dr-yael-stein-md-opposition-5g-spectrum-frontiers/
  257. Hayut 2014 - Circular polarization induced by the three-dimensional chiral structure of human sweat ducts.
  258. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24827286
  259. Samaras 2019 - Theoretical evaluation of the power transmitted to the body as a function of angle of incidence and polarization at frequencies >6 GHz and its relevance for standardization
  260. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30682221
  261. Skin was modeled as either homogeneous or layered. Sweat glands and other structures were not taken into account. Coupling was calculated for various frequencies, at various incoming angles, at a constant power density of 10mW/m^2
  262. Results showed much greater energy deposition than ICNIRP's 2018 guidelines suggested.
  263. Neufeld 2018 - Systematic Derivation of Safety Limits for Time-Varying 5G Radiofrequency Exposure Based on Analytical Models and Thermal Dose.
  264. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30247338 https://itis.swiss/news-events/news/publications/2019/response-to-professor-fosters-comments-on-systematic-derivation-of-safety-limits-for-time-varying-5g-radiofrequency-exposure-based-on-analytical-models-and-thermal-dose/
  265. Feldman 2008 - Human skin as arrays of helical antennas in the millimeter and submillimeter wave range.
  266. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18517913
  267. Feldman 2009 - The electromagnetic response of human skin in the millimetre and submillimetre wave range.
  268. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430110
  269. Tripathi 2015 - Morphology of human sweat ducts observed by optical coherence tomography and their frequency of resonance in the terahertz frequency region
  270. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25766116
  271. Betzalel et al 2018 - The human skin as a sub-THz receiver - Does 5G pose a danger to it or not?
  272. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29459303
  273. Foster 2019 - Comments on Betzalel et al. "The human skin as a sub-THz receiver–Does 5G pose a danger to [skin] or not?"
  274. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338223283_Comments_on_Betzalel_et_al_The_human_skin_as_a_sub-THz_receiver-Does_5G_pose_a_danger_to_skin_or_not_Environmental_Research_163_2018_208-216
  275. Betzalel 2019 - Response to the comment of Foster et al. titled "Comments on Betzalel et al. "The human skin as a sub-THz receiver-Does 5G pose a danger to it or not?"
  276. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338344761_Response_to_the_comResponse_to_the_comment_of_Foster_et_al_titled_Comments_on_Betzalel_et_al_The_human_skin_as_a_sub-THz_receiver-Does_5G_pose_a_danger_to_it_or_not_Environ_Res_163_2018_208-216ment_of
  277. Christ et al 2020 - RF-INDUCED TEMPERATURE INCREASE IN A STRATIFIED MODEL OF THE SKIN FOR PLANE-WAVE EXPOSURE AT 6–100 GHZ
  278. https://academic.oup.com/rpd/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rpd/ncz293/5707344
  279.  
  280. Millimeter wave devices have a long history of medical use in Russia and Eastern Europe, and to an extent Germany. China is now making use of it, like most of the technology the West mothballed or abandoned.
  281. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30692070
  282. Soviet and Eastern European work (covered below) in the 60's and 70's arrived at their own issues and speculations about a role for the skin. It was observed that long term millimeter wave exposure caused broad degenerative changes in organs (including brain), demyelination of peripheral and spinal nerves with fragmentation of their axons, greatly altered enzyme (metabolic) activity in organs, and behavioral changes. And yet the bulk of the energy was thought to be absorbed within the first few mm of the skin surface. This means at least one of the following is true, the changes in deep structures of the body are downstream of stimulation of the "receptor apparatus of the skin" (nerves, sweat glands, eg integrin, etc), or that the wave penetrates further and propagates more easily than expected. Along with some later work in the USSR, modern day there's data to support both of these.
  283.  
  284. Some speculation: The entirety of the skin surface acts as a massive EM (inc mmWave) transceiver array.
  285. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00792R000300420003-6.pdf
  286. In this report, children in China were able to determine characters written on folded pieces of paper using their palms, and for one child, the ear. If the report is accurate as stated, perhaps this works like mmWave airport imaging? It's known that there is a voltage difference between the hands, probably why in many ancient systems the right hand "gives" the left "receives", relative to the left the right hand is positive, but this doesn't seem to rely on that with the single ear. Perhaps this also relates to the ability to feel when we're being watched. If eyes generate a field of some reliably, relatively specific character, an animal which could detect this would be at a great survival advantage. The brain already keeps a fine grained map of the body's location in space, via this it could easily infer direction based on stimulation of the skin. Low infrared (THz waves) could also be at work, as could some other change in the finer structure of water. This ties into "mitogenic radiation" and similar work under many different names, discussed later.
  287.  
  288. This is similar to a story from ancient Egypt about reading a sealed scroll without opening it.
  289. https://books.google.com/books?id=FfGqNkyjRqQC&pg=PA477
  290.  
  291.  
  292.  
  293. Millimeter waves and the plasma membrane and similar structures:
  294. Albini 2014 - Induced movements of giant vesicles by millimeter wave radiation
  295. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273614001151
  296.  
  297. Albini 2019 - Movement of giant lipid vesicles induced by millimeter wave radiation change when they contain magnetic nanoparticles.
  298. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30203364
  299. -Giant unilamellar vesicles were irradiated at 53.37 GHz, SAR was calculated 0.2 W/Kg at the center of the dish
  300. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilamellar_liposome)
  301. -Their movement changed
  302. -When iron nanoparticles were added their movement initially remained unchanged, but became "polarized" afterwards
  303.  
  304. Millimeter waves and membrane polarization:
  305. [m][NASA] Siegel 2011 - Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurological Disorders by Millimeter-Wave Stimulation (NTRS 20110012604)
  306. (https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_20110012604)
  307. "Increasingly, millimeter waves are being employed for telecomm, radar, and imaging applications. To date in the U.S, however, very few investigations on the impact of this radiation on biological systems at the cellular level have been undertaken. In the beginning, to examine the impact of millimeter waves on cellular processes, researchers discovered that cell membrane depolarization may be triggered by low levels of integrated power at these high frequencies. Such a situation could be used to advantage in the direct stimulation of neuronal cells for applications in neuroprosthetics and diagnosing or treating neurological disorders.
  308. [...]
  309. indicates that low levels of RF energy may be able to trigger non-destructive membrane depolarization without direct cell contact. Such a mechanism could be used to stimulate neuronal cells in the cortex without the need for invasive electrodes as millimeter waves penetrate skin and bone on the order of 1–5 mm in depth. Although 50 GHz could not readily penetrate from the outer skull to the center of the cortex, implants on the outer skull or even on the scalp could reach the outer layer of the cerebral cortex[...]"
  310. -Continuous wave 50 GHz was used at 5-10mW/cm2
  311. -Lung cells and neurons in vitro
  312. -Depolarization occurred within 30 seconds to 2 minutes
  313. -Repolarization a few minutes later
  314.  
  315.  
  316. -Europe
  317. Germany:
  318. [m][Navy]Rozzell 1984 - Bioelectromagnetics Research in West Germany An Assessment
  319. "For several years now a number of researchers have been stimulated to look for the frequency-dependent effects predicted by Frohlich and suggested by the experiments of Webb in the US and by a group of 5oviet workers led by Smolyanskaya and Vilenskaya. Frohlich suggested that critical oscillations exist in macromolecules that determine the activity and function of the organism. It is believed that the frequencies of these oscillations lie roughly between 100 and 1000 GHz. It is reasonable to conjecture that functional activities occurring at the macromolecular level depend on critical, and perhaps matching, oscillations being present at the right place and time for a given reaction to occur. Such oscillations might be finely tuned and "metastable," in which case small inputs of energy to one or both halves could cause disruption in the progress of the function or reaction. Frohlich and others actually postulate that there is a type of threshold or limit cycle in metabolic excitation of large-amplitude vibrations."
  320.  
  321. -Eastern Europe, Soviet and Russian work
  322. McRee 1980 - Soviet and Eastern European Research on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation
  323. https://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/mcree80_rev_soviet.pdf
  324. "A study to determine the effects of millimeter waves on 72 engineers and technicians aged 20 to 50 who were exposed while servicing generators was carried out by observing the workers for 3 years. The workers had been exposed from 1 to 10 years to power densities which sometimes reached 1000 uW/cm2. A group of 30 workers without any exposure within the same age range was used as controls. The exposed workers complained of fatigue, drowsiness, headaches, and loss of memory. No changes in pulse or arterial pressure were observed in exposed workers. During studies of morphological composition of the peripheral blood, a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes and tendency toward hypercoagulation were observed. A significant decrease in the total number of leukocytes and increase in the number of lymphocytes were measured, and the number of segmentonuclear neutrophils decreased by 20 percent. At the same time, the number of reticulocytes and thrombocytes were reduced and the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes decreased by 18 percent and the acid resistance by 26 percent. On testing the immunobiological reactivity, the seeding of the oral cavity with autoflora microbes increased considerably, the bactericidal action of the skin decreased, lysozyme and complement titers in the blood serum were lowered by one-half and the phagocytic activity of neutrophils decreased. The authors concluded that inhibition of the humoral and cellular factors of nonspecific immunity occurred in the exposed workers"
  325.  
  326. "The effects of EM radiation in the millimeter range on metabolism of liver mitochondria have also been studied. Wistar rats were exposed to 6.50-mm waves [~46.121 GHz] at a power density of 1 mW/cm2 for 10 min/day for 30 days. Liver mitochondria were then isolated by means of centrifugation in a medium containing 0.25-M sucrose and 1-mM ethylene diaminetetraacetate (EDTA), pH 7.4. It was reported that the oxidation and energy characteristics of liver mitochondria changes, and conjugation of the processes of oxidative phosphorylation were lowered. The authors stated that the decrease in the oxygen consumption rate in a liver mitochondria could have been the result of the inhibition of electron transfer where phosphorylation was disturbed. When ADP was added, the respiration rate decreased more than the respiratory rate after the exhaustion of ADP or against the background of the substrate because these rates were regulated also by the phosphate potential."
  327.  
  328. "Changes in cell composition of bone marrow has been studied. Eighty male mice were exposed to 2.5 mW/cm2 to microwaves with a wavelength of 7.1 mm for 1 h [281. Imiphos (group of alkylating compounds) was given peritoneally prior to irradiation. It was found that the microwaves, combined with imiphos, did not protect erythroblast cells and elicited some depression in their development. A negligible decrease in the number of myelocytes occurred only on the first day after irradiation, followed by a rapid increase. By days 3 to 5, a rapid increase above normal levels was observed. Almost three times more germinal cells were observed in exposed animals than control animals for the first 3 days after exposure and their numbers remained above control levels to the 10th day."
  329.  
  330. "Cell cultures of RH (embryonic human kidney cells), SPEV (embryonic pig kidney cells), and Hep-2 cells were exposed to 6.5-mm [~46.12 GHz] microwaves at a power density of 1 mW/cm2. The exposures were performed in teflon trays incubated at 37C for a duration of 45 min. Nucleic acid synthesis in cells was studied using autoradiography. Precursors of DNA, 3H-thymidine, and RNA, 3H-uridine, were utilized at the rate of 10pCi/ml of medium. The isotopes were added to the cells after exposure. The activity of the redox enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase and ATPase, was determined. As a result of these cytological analyses, the authors reported a cytopathic effect, which was manifested by a general impairment of the cell monolayer; appearance of degenerative forms of cells with increased affinity for eosin by protoplasm; stellate, fragmental, vacuolized and pyknoticnuclei; and a destroyed cell membrane. A 30-50-percent decrease in postradiation survival of RH, SPEV, and HEP-2 cells was reported. A 37-percent reduction in uptake of 3H-thymidine and 43-percent reduction in 3H-uridine incorporation were measured. The authors summarized their results by stating that exposure to millimeter waves caused a decrease in survival rate and a development of substantial morphological and functional disturbances in tissue culture cells."
  331.  
  332. "An investigation to determine the effects of 6.5-mm [~46.121 GHz] microwaves on adenovirus was performed by Kiselev and Zalyubovskaya. The exposures were made in teflon cuvettes for 2 h at a power density of 1mW/cm2. The exposed adenovirus were then used to infect a culture of intermingled embryonic human kidney cells (RH line). A retardation was observed in the development of the viral infection as noted by a delayed cytopathic effect. Along with the delayed manifestation of a cytopathic effect, these cells showed no change in protein content up to 20 h after infection with the irradiated adenovirus. Development of an infectious process and the change associated with this protein content were not noted until the 24th hour. The authors conclude that millimeter waves of 6.5 cm had an inhibitory effect on viral particles."
  333.  
  334. "An investigation to determine the involvement of sodium ions in the mechanisms of action of SHF fields on membrane potentials of smooth muscle cells was conducted by Mirutenko et al.. In previous articles the authors had reported that exposure of smooth-muscIe cells of the stomach of rats and guinea pigs depolarized the cell membrane which was manifested by a reduction of membrane potentials(MP). This study was performed using the smooth muscle cells of the gastric fundus of guinea pigs. The mucosa was removed from the smooth muscle layer and the MP were examined on the internal side of the stomach. MP were measured using an intracellular glass microelectrode and recorded on an oscillograph and digital millivoltmeter. A generator operating at a frequency of 37 500 MHz (X = 8 mm) with an integrated power output of 1 mW was the source of microwave energy. The exposures were for 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. The authors concluded from their experiment that the 8-mm EM radiation lowers the MP of smooth muscle cells of the guinea pigs stomach due to an increase in permeability of the cell membrane mainly to sodium ions, and depression of active transport of these ions out of the cell. The changes were found to be irreversible and increased with increase duration of exposure."
  335.  
  336. [m][Studies in Soviet Science] Pathological Effects of Radio Waves (1973) - Mariya Sergeevna Tolgskaya, Zinaida Vasil’evna Gordon
  337. Includes a section on low intensity mmWave exposure and images of such exposures.
  338. [m][CIA] 1977 - TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES (GUO 28/77) EFFECTS OF NONIONIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
  339. (https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88b01125r000300120005-6)
  340. Page 61: Zalyubovskaya NP - BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF MILLIMETER RADIOWAVES
  341. -Wistar rats and CBA mice were irradiated with 5-8 mm waves (59.95 - 37.47 GHz) at 1 mW/cm2, 15 minutes per day for 60 days
  342.  
  343. [m][CIA] 1993 - EFFECTS OF ELETROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: CURRENT STATUS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION
  344. (https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000100070001-9)
  345. -mmWaves propagate readily through the extracellular space
  346. -They travel along the surface of the plasma membrane
  347. -Free H+ aids this.
  348. -Irradiation in animal models caused broad degenerative changes and functional decrements in most organ systems.
  349. -Human occupational exposure studies add support to this.
  350. -Irradiation caused the formation of "temporary structures" on the plasma membrane that can remain long after irradiation has ceased.
  351. -These altered the cell's signaling characteristics.
  352. -The function and longevity of these structures could be enhanced via "the addition of fine, conductive thread-like filaments."
  353.  
  354. Changes in bacterial behavior
  355. [m][CIA] 1971 - INDUCTION OF COLICINE SYNTHESIS BY MEANS OF MILLIMETER RADIATION
  356. (https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000500090006-4)
  357.  
  358. [m][Symposium, Moscow] 1998 - Electromagnetic fields biological effects and hygienic standardization
  359. Page 171: Betskii - On the sensitivity of living organisms to superweak electromagnetic waves in the millimetre range
  360. Page 429: Ushakov - Cooperative influence of the circularly polarised millimeter waves and EtBr on E.Coli cells
  361.  
  362. Belyaev 2000 - Nonthermal Effects of Extremely High-Frequency Microwaves on Chromatin Conformation in Cells in vitro — Dependence on Physical,Physiological, and Genetic Factors
  363. https://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/IEEE_MTT_paper.pdf
  364.  
  365. -mmWave Weapon Systems
  366. Active Denial, crowd control
  367. https://jnlwp.defense.gov/Press-Room/Fact-Sheets/Article-View-Fact-sheets/Article/577989/active-denial-technology/
  368. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/more-mw-weapon-effects
  369. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a501865.pdf
  370.  
  371. -Body scanners, surveillance, remote sensing, smart dust
  372. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pheiufl6TCA
  373. Hu 2018 - Millimeter-wave Adaptive Glucose Concentration Estimation with Complex-Valued Neural Networks.
  374. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30489258
  375.  
  376. [TODO]
  377.  
  378. Sub-GHz components and LED Streetlights:
  379. LED streetlights are an optical hazard due to:
  380. -Intensity
  381. -Spectral content, particularly blue light
  382. -Potential for coherence after a certain distance
  383. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11801-012-2322-6
  384. -In some cases pulsed / square wave modulated light
  385.  
  386. The blue light (440-450nm) component
  387. -Permanently destroys the photoreceptors in the eye.
  388. -Suppresses melatonin synthesis. Lack of melatonin and poor sleep is involved in most forms of disease, including cancers and degenerative disease, and permanently lowered fertility especially in prepubescent females.
  389. -Measurable brain damage in a few studies (animal models) due to the above and other functional changes triggered by blue light (time of day signal) in brain activity and metabolism. This was also present with fluorescent lights to a lesser degree.
  390.  
  391.  
  392. -Insects
  393. Thielens 2018 - Exposure of Insects to Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields from 2 to 120 GHz
  394. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22271-3
  395. Halverson 1999 - Microwave and millimeter wave method and apparatus for controlling insects in stored-products
  396. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6192598B1/en
  397.  
  398. (High voltage) power lines, etc
  399. Shepherd 2019 - Increased aggression and reduced aversive learning in honey bees exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields.
  400. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31600283
  401.  
  402. LED streetlights suppress nighttime pollinators
  403. [m]_Blue light, LEDs, lighting.txt
  404.  
  405. Nature's machinery has traditionally provided the bulk and basis of human GDP, automatically, for free. That way of things will be coming to a close as we become more efficient at destroying our own life support systems. Pollinator loss is spreading, the (inevitably short lived) era of crop pollination by hand began in some areas of China some time ago. Aquatic and terrestrial insect populations overall have plummeted. Bird and amphibian populations are dropping in turn.
  406. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/ (Old news stated as new news, the writing was on the wall long ago)
  407. https://vtecostudies.org/blog/new-vce-study-reveals-decline-in-vermont-forest-birds/
  408.  
  409. Bees are also being found loaded with aluminum. They essentially have dementia.
  410. http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/the-dwindling-population-of-bees-and-aluminum-levels/
  411.  
  412. This is a matter of total toxic load, but also some aspects of specific toxicity. Radiofrequency transmissions are one such very specific toxin for insects. Metals and RF also have a synergistic action.
  413.  
  414. When it comes right down to it, when in human history have we ever had massive, near omnipresent contamination with a lethal toxin, that could all be cleaned up with the mere press of a button. The flip of a switch. Cutting the power to these towers. That is a near ideal case, but if we keep accepting the current direction of embedding this more and more into common infrastructure, where is it leading? What is it all even for?
  415.  
  416.  
  417. What you can do:
  418. -Use of the legal system.
  419. -The methods successfully used by Ray Broomhall in Australia, involves transmitter operation and constructing constituting assault.
  420. https://emrlegaleducation.com/
  421. -Liability of people in certain specialties, lack of valid standards
  422. Legality of the EMFs, with Adjunct Professor Curtis Bennett
  423. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCvvcxWGUOk
  424. -Other lawsuits.
  425. -Disrupt their financial basis
  426. -Approach investors, shareholders, others. Notify of risk.
  427. -Inform others, get the word out.
  428.  
  429. AT&T's Project AirGig
  430. https://about.att.com/innovationblog/2019/03/project_airgig.html
  431.  
  432. -Other reports, correlations, and attributions
  433. There have been a few reports of bird deaths
  434. The Hague, Netherlands - November 2018:
  435. https://web.archive.org/web/20181113210548/https://www.healthnutnews.com/hundreds-of-birds-dead-during-5g-experiment-in-the-hague-the-netherlands/
  436. One Tree Hill, Adelaide Australia
  437. https://www.news.com.au/national/south-australia/flock-of-over-50-native-birds-die-after-falling-from-sky-bleeding-from-eyes/news-story/28c0dd88171b5e2feb074dd4c198ee77
  438. Location of the field where they dropped:
  439. https://www.google.com/maps/@-34.7130561,138.765229,268m/data=!3m1!1e3
  440. Map of Adelaide 5G deployment as of July 1st, 2019.
  441. https://i.imgur.com/QICPb6L.jpg (From: https://www.whistleout.com.au/MobilePhones/Guides/Telstra-5G-Network-Coverage)
  442. Similar to the Hague. Nearby Blakeview has 5G (that has been advertised so far), 5G is present south. They very likely have LED streetlights as well. Perhaps this was in their flight path or routine, and they ultimately came to the outskirts to die, or they intersected a beam (eg mmWave backhaul) (seems unlikely). Thus far no poison or pathogen has been put forward to explain these occurrences.
  443.  
  444. It's long been suspected that bird feathers could act as antennas, or facilitate some other form of transduction.
  445. [m][Symposium, Virginia Commonwealth] 1969 - Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiation
  446. Page 185: JA Tanner, C Romero-Sierra - Bird feathers as sensory detectors of microwave fields
  447. Bigu-del-Blanco 1975 - The properties of bird feathers as converse piezoelectric transducers and as receptors of microwave radiation. I. Bird feathers as converse piezoelectric transducers.
  448. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1235241
  449. Bigu-del-Blanco 1975 - The properties of bird feathers as converse piezoelectric transducers and as receptors of microwave radiation. II. Bird feathers as dielectric receptors of microwave radiation.
  450. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1242004
  451.  
  452.  
  453.  
  454.  
  455. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  456.  
  457. Videos:
  458.  
  459. Olle Johannson
  460. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7i-Ki5dFXdI
  461.  
  462. Mallery Blythe
  463. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5GiFMJVl6Q
  464.  
  465. Lennart Hardell
  466. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIxGjKuKOU8
  467.  
  468. Martin Pall
  469. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8ATQF8omdI
  470.  
  471. Legality of the EMFs, with Adjunct Professor Curtis Bennett
  472. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCvvcxWGUOk
  473.  
  474. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  475.  
  476. Government Projects:
  477. -EMF RAPID
  478.  
  479. -National Toxicology Project (NTP), United States
  480. The 20 year, 30 million dollar study revealed higher rates of two types of cancer, and clear evidence of DNA damage.
  481. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/areas/cellphones/index.html
  482. Their paper on DNA damage:
  483. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/em.22343
  484. "The National Toxicology Program tested two common radiofrequency radiation (RFR) modulations emitted by cellular telephones in a 20 year rodent cancer bioassay that included interim assessments of additional animals for genotoxicity endpoints.
  485. [...]
  486. Results of the comet assay showed significant increases in DNA damage in the frontal cortex of male mice (both modulations), leukocytes of female mice (CDMA only), and hippocampus of male rats (CDMA only). Increases in DNA damage judged to be equivocal were observed in several other tissues of rats and mice. No significant increases in micronucleated red blood cells were observed in rats or mice. In conclusion, these results suggest that exposure to RFR is associated with an increase in DNA damage."
  487. The NTP results spurred the same go-to responses and damage control strategies used since the mid 90's. Many of which closely resemble the secondhand smoke era, this is because telecom began working with the same PR firms that handled things for big tobacco, such as Philip Morris. Like a broken record, the goal is to "tread water" in the public eye, ideally long enough for maximum uptake and integration. Always something happening, yet nothing ever getting anywhere.
  488. https://ehtrust.org/science/myth-vs-fact-national-toxicology-program-cell-phone-cancer-study/
  489.  
  490. There are some other interesting things to consider.
  491. The exposure apparatus was designed with the help of IT'IS.
  492. https://itis.swiss/who-we-are/
  493. https://itis.swiss/who-we-are/funding/
  494. It used a reverberation chamber with an H-polarized EM source and rotating stirrers to maximize field uniformity (homogeneity and isotropy) in the chamber and within the animal, and to cycle the chamber through different modes. This is not the most realistic exposure scenario, but more importantly is this a meaningful sort of "dose" control? Effects can be based on non-uniform exposure (affecting / straining adaptive mechanisms), people can spend long periods with the same position and orientation in the field (sleeping, sitting, carrying in a pocket), in real world environments we're exposed to multiple signals at any given time. Though a clear effect emerged, the effects of real world exposures may be different, and likely worse, than this.
  495. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/about_ntp/trpanel/2018/march/presentations/03capstick_exposuresystem_508.pdf
  496. https://itis.swiss/news-events/news/publications/2006/development-of-novel-whole-body-exposure-setups-for-rats-providing-high-efficiency-national-toxicology-program-ntp-compatibility-and-well-characterized-exposure/
  497. ( https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/51/20/009 )
  498. It also seems convenient that Melnick was slated to be replaced towards the end of the study.
  499. https://ehtrust.org/statement-by-ronald-melnick-phd-on-the-national-toxicology-program-final-reports-on-cell-phone-radiation/
  500. After he was, their public interpretation of their data changed sharply.
  501. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/ntp-peer-review-sees-tumor-risk
  502. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/ntp-comet-assay
  503. NTP has begun planning of followup research to determine mechanisms. It is also reviewing literature related to 5G.
  504. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/ntp-turns-search-mechanisms
  505. More coverage of NTP.
  506. https://microwavenews.com/news-tags/ntp
  507. January 2020 - NTP Scientists Endorse Precaution: First Federal Officials To Take a Stand on Cell Phone Safety
  508. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/ntp-endorses-precaution
  509. Hardell and Carlberg 2019 - Comments on the US National Toxicology Program technical reports on toxicology and carcinogenesis study in rats exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 900 MHz and in mice exposed to whole-body radiofrequency radiation at 1,900 MHz
  510. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6254861/
  511. The NTP results are compared with human epidemiological studies.
  512.  
  513. Some other connections:
  514. Their observation of a reduction in weight with in utero exposure is somewhat common, and dates at least as far back as Soviet research done in the 50's and 60's. It was found the first generation was either small with delayed development, or was prone to obesity for one generation, with their offspring then following the same pattern of lower weight. Another line of research in Eastern Europe and the USSR converged with this later. In looking for the cause of differing responses to chronic irradiation, one avenue was to compare the finer organization (entropy) of an individual animal's tissues. When separated into groups of high or low entropy, some correlations in effect on body weight were found. They also separated an animal's response to repeated irradiation into two types, strong and weak (labile). The strong animal was more stable and soon returned to baseline, the labile animal was "phasic" having periodic highs and lows. Animals over time had their higher nervous function depressed, so one could imagine eventually there is a drop below baseline.
  515. [m][Symposium, Warsaw] 1973 - Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation
  516. Page 116: Lobanova - The use of conditioned reflexes to study microwave effects on the central nervous system
  517. [Many others. TODO]
  518. Exposed mice had a longer lifespan than controls. This was also seen in the early research, it often diminishes with successive generations. Magras and Xenos (see Reproductive Effects) also found the first generation was apparently healthy, but population level infertility still hit soon after.
  519.  
  520. A future study ideally would use lower power densities as dose response can be nonlinear.
  521.  
  522. -Ramazzini Institute, Italy
  523. The Ramazzini Institute in Italy completed a similar 10 year study, with results in line with NTP.
  524. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/ramazzinis-belpoggi-interview
  525.  
  526. -Asia
  527. Japan and South Korea are now planning similar studies
  528. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/japan-korea-ntp-rf-project
  529.  
  530. -PERFORM-A
  531. https://microwavenews.com/news-tags/perform
  532. TODO
  533. -EPRI's Projects
  534. TODO
  535.  
  536.  
  537. Governments:
  538.  
  539. France:
  540. France has gradually begun to take certain half measures. Though I'm as critical of them as a country that does nothing, at least for some, things are now moving in the right direction.
  541. France has banned Wi-Fi in areas with children under 3 years old and advised turning off wifi "when not in use" for children under 11.
  542. https://ehtrust.org/france-new-national-law-bans-wifi-nursery-school/
  543. Various issues remain unaddressed:
  544. -Other sources are not taken into account. Towers, bluetooth, phones, dirty electricity, etc.
  545. -The child will likely still be exposed in the home.
  546. -The child will be exposed everywhere else including on the way to and from school.
  547. -Wi-Fi should not and need not be used. Everything can be done wired (via ethernet).
  548. -The ages of 3 and 11 are biologically arbitrary.
  549. -The advisory doesn't explicitly convey the seriousness of the risk.
  550. October 25th 2019. The French government takes further action.
  551. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/french-govt-advises-users-limit-phone-exposures
  552. https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&tl=en&u=https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/actualites/presse/communiques-de-presse/article/le-gouvernement-agit-pour-limiter-l-exposition-aux-emissions-de-certains
  553. The same issues remain unaddressed:
  554. -Involuntary exposure to emissions from towers themselves
  555. -Involuntary and cumulative intermittent exposures from other users
  556. -Inherent lack of safety of the characteristics of the signal itself
  557. -Omissions, lack of scientific basis to assert these personal measures will prevent health effects:
  558. -No mention of airplane mode.
  559. -A "hands free kit":
  560. -Doesn't prevent the phone from being carried against the body when not in use.
  561. -The wires from headphones can be a conductive lead.
  562. -The phone can't be kept far enough away to be safe, and still be used. "Air tube" headsets fall under this as well.
  563. -May provide the illusion of safety.
  564. -Texting is suggested to be more safe. The rationale is probably less emissions and a less complex signal, but the phone is still held as close to the body for longer, more exposure to blue light from the screen, etc. The problem is just being shifted around.
  565. -Effective and feasible near term alternatives, such as directional antennas, shielded phones, etc, are not posited.
  566. -SAR (specific absorption rate) is presented as a direct measure of biological effects.
  567. -The literature doesn't support this.
  568. -This would lead someone to assume a low SAR phone is safer when this is not the case.
  569. -Dose response is known to be complex and nonlinear in most dimensions (Power density, frequency, exposure duration, etc).
  570. -Despite this in the modern age of digital transmission there is a clear overarching pattern of modulation, rise time, peak power, pulse width and wave shape, polarization, as the most readily relevant predictors of effects. The spatial and temporal character of the signal.
  571. -Testing more stringently for conformance to an already invalid standard cannot afford protection.
  572.  
  573. All of this is like a Roman building public consciousness about lead dust as a sweetener by saying "Hey maybe we ought to cut back on that a bit... and by the way maybe we should stop further integrating these pipes into our core infrastructure..." At what cost can you refuse to just call a spade a spade. I would say a rapidly increasing, sunk, cost.
  574.  
  575. Mistakes were made and things are not as they should be. Face it and move on, or double down, and quite possibly perish.
  576. Blunt, but what can you do.
  577.  
  578. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  579.  
  580. [m] = mediafire
  581.  
  582. Electromagnetic spectrum
  583. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Electromagnetic-Spectrum.svg
  584.  
  585. SI unit prefixes (Milli, micro, giga, etc)
  586. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Prefixes
  587.  
  588. Effect Threshold Lists
  589. https://bioinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/BioInitiativeReport-RF-Color-Charts.pdf
  590. https://maisonsaine.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CAVI_Society_attachment.pdf
  591. https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=171428&x=.
  592.  
  593. McRee 1980 - Soviet and Eastern European Research on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation
  594. https://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/mcree80_rev_soviet.pdf
  595. Tables II and III, p 2,3
  596.  
  597. -A brief timeline and summary of historical context
  598. Study of the effects of non-ionizing radiation on biological systems began as early as the 1880's in the West. There was initially more of a focus on medical application. Investigation in Russia had begun as early as 1915.
  599. [m]Cook 1980 - Early Research on the Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation 1940-1960
  600. "2. Background, 1885-1940: early work on short-waves and therapy
  601. Interest among researchers in the effect of electricity on biological systems arose almost as soon as electricity could be generated in a controlled form. This same interest rapidly shifted to research on the biological effects of electromagnetic radiation when, during the years 1885-1889, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz demonstrated a technique for propagating electromagnetic energy through space. Typical of this shift is the Parisian scientist, Arsene d'Arsonval. Prior to the late 1880s, d'Arsonval had devoted considerable time to the investigation of the physiological effects of electrocution. Shortly after learning about the new Hertzian apparatus, d'Arsonval developed his own equipment, which produced 10^4 - 10^5 cm waves at power levels nearing 20 amp, and turned his attention to its possible physiological and medical uses. By 1893, he was publishing papers on the influence of radio waves on cells."
  602. [m][Ford] Bergman 1965 - The Effect of Micro Waves on The Central Nervous System
  603. Discusses early medical uses, condenser therapy, etc.
  604. [m][Symposium, Virginia Commonwealth] 1969 - Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiation
  605. Page 140: Dodge - CLINICAL AND HYGIENIC ASPECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (A Review of the Soviet and Eastern European Literature)
  606. "As early as 1933, certain Soviet scientists had already recognized that electromagnetic fields affected the human nervous system. In 1937, Turlygin published one of the first comprehensive Soviet accounts of the effects of centimeter waves on the human central nervous system. He found that CNS excitability was increased by 100% of the control level when a crude spark oscillator in the vicinity of the head of a subject was switched on. In a lengthy review article, Livshits cited no fewer than 28 Soviet publications on the general subject of clinical and biological microwave effects which had been published by the end of the 1930's.
  607.  
  608. During the 1940's and early 1950's, there was an understandable lull in research on this subject due to World War II. By the middle and late 1950's, there appeared a veritable deluge of Soviet literature dealing, in the main, with the clinical and hygienic aspects of microwave exposure which has continued unabated to this day. By the early 1960's, the Eastern European countries of Czechoslovakia and Poland had also become extremely active in the area of microwave exposure effects."
  609. [m][Symposium, Warsaw] 1973 - Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation
  610. Page 22: Gordon - Main directions and results of research conducted in the USSR on the biologic effects of microwaves
  611. "We used an experimental model of intermittent irradiation based on actual regimes of irradiation accompanying production. We found that, according to a number of indicators (fluctuations in weight and blood pressure, electroencephalography and electromyography, neurosecretory activity of hypothalamic nuclei), intermittent exposure to irradiation results in more pronounced biologic effects than those of steady irradiation under conditions of equal strength and time parameters. One could hypothesize that intermittent exposure, is much more strenuous for the adaptation and compensation mechanisms owing to the frequent changes in the irradiation parameters.
  612.  
  613. Without dwelling upon the clinical direction of research, to which a separate paper by Dr. M. N. Sadcikova is devoted, we will only note that clinico-hygienic correlations made it possible to link the clinical indicators with intensity of microwave irradiation under industrial conditions. This unique material accumulated as a result of 20 years' observations made it possible to establish a very important fact, namely, that the biologic effects become more severe with increasing duration of work accompanied by irradiation of low intensities (less than l mW/cm2).
  614.  
  615. Before going into experimental research, it is necessary to define certain terms which are frequently treated ambiguously. These are thermal and non-thermal effects. Thermal effects are those biologic suquelae which are due to integral rise of temperature of the body and its separate parts during whole body or local irradiation.
  616.  
  617. Thermal effects are those biologic sequelae which are due to integral rise are the result of uneven heating of microstructures of a heterogeneous biologic tissue and may occur in the absence of the integral thermal effect. Finally, non-thermal or "extrathermal" effects are due to conversion of electromagnetic energy within an object into another form of non-thermal energy (molecular resonance absorption, photochemical reaction, etc.).
  618.  
  619. The present lack of adequate methods for separating nonthermal from thermoselective effects is the sole reason for their being put together under the provisional name of "non-thermal" effects.
  620.  
  621. The occurrence of pronounced biologic effects of microwaves of intensities which do not evoke the integral heat effect (less than 10 mW/cm2) has been convincingly shown independently by a number of Soviet and foreign authors. Although there are differences of opinion on the "non-thermal" or "microthermal" nature of the biologic effects of low levels of energy, there should be no doubt at present as to the actual existence of these effects.
  622. [...]
  623. However, irradiation that is lower in intensity by one order of magnitude (1 mW/cm2) is also significant from the medical point of view according to a number of indicators. Upon cessation of irradiation some of its sequelae may disappear but a prolonged action results in destructive, irreversible pathologic lesions. Attention is drawn to the fact that, as can be seen in Table 2, even at intensities that are extremely low by comparison with those considered above (e.g., 500-250 uW/cm2), certain biologic effects occur (bioelectric phenomena with resetting to a new level of activity of the brain systems, changes in immunobiologic resistance), including definite pathologic effects (reproductive functions)."
  624.  
  625. McRee 1980 - Soviet and Eastern European Research on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation
  626. https://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/mcree80_rev_soviet.pdf
  627. "The overview of the Soviet and Eastern European literature indicate a large number of bioeffects at exposure levels below 10.mW/cm2. A significant number of biological changes were reported below 1 mW/cm2. Most of their papers do not give details concerning the experimental design and exposure techniques. Because of these unknowns, a strong motivation to ignore much of the Soviet and Eastern European results exists in the U.S. In order to discourage this understandable tendency, an example from the U.S.-USSR program on the biological effects of microwave radiation will be used.
  628.  
  629. In the early stages of this program, the cooperation mainly consisted of an exchange of results on projects related to the central nervous system and behavior. The U.S. research included in the cooperation consisted primarily of acute experiments with exposure levels generally of 5 mW/cm2 and above while the Soviet experiments were long-term low-level experiments at 500pW/cm2 and below. At the end of the first year of the cooperation, the Soviets reported changes in bioelectric brain activity at 10, 50,and 500uW/cm2 in rats and rabbits exposed for 7 h/day for 30 days to 2375-MHz CW radiation. Levels of 10 and 50uW/cmZ stimulated brain activity while 500uW/cm2 suppressed activity as seen from an increase of slow high-amplitude delta wave in rabbits. At a 500uW/cm2 decrease in capacity for work, in investigative activity, and sensitivity to electric shock threshold in rats were reported. Research by the U.S. investigators on rats exposed to 5 mW/cm2 for shorter durations of exposure to 2450-MHz CW radiation showed no statistical difference in EEG, no change in locomotion activity in a residential maze, and no change in performance on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement below 5 mW/cm2 (0.5 and 1.0 mW/cm2) but a trend toward decrease in performance at 5 mW/cm2 and a large decrease in performance at 10 and 20 mW/cm2.
  630.  
  631. It became obvious that, except for our being more familiar with Soviet experimental design, we were no closer to understanding differences between the U.S. and USSR results. It was then decided to perform a duplicate experiment in order to determine if similar effects could be observed. Rats were exposed from above for 7 h/day, 7 days/week for 3 months to 500uW/cm2. Dr. Richard Lovely of the University of Washington, project leader on the duplicate project, spent 4 weeks in the Soviet Union to observe the behavioral and biochemical tests being performed on the animals. The results of these duplicate investigations are very interesting. The U.S. study found a drop in sulfhydryl activity and blood cholinesterase as was reported in the Soviet study. Blood chemistry at the termination of 3 months exposure indicated that the exposed animals, relative to controls, suffered from aldosteronism. The latter interpretation of the high sodium-low-potassium levels found in the blood was confirmed by necropsy and histopathology of the adrenal glands, revealing that the zona glornerulosa was vacuolated and hypertrophied. In addition all behavioral parameters assessed at the end of 3-month exposures revealed significant differences between groups in the same direction as those reported in the Soviet study, i.e., increased threshold to footshock detection, decreased activity in an openfield, and poorer retention of an avoidance response when reassessed following conditioning. This replication of the Soviet results at 500uW/cm2 emphasizes the need for performing long-term low-level microwave bioeffects research by U.S. investigators and the necessity of evaluating seriously the results of Soviet and Eastern European research before it is considered invalid. These experiments should also be replicated by independent investigators in the U.S. since the health implications of the above effects could be serious."
  632.  
  633. "It seems that we knew more about microwaves in the 80's than we do today."
  634. -Magda Havas, PhD
  635.  
  636. Although there were known patterns and some theoretical work had been done, results were often reported as phenomena with a lack of readily testable low level mechanisms. The "thermal vs athermal" debate recurred periodically, and stretches back to at least the 1920's. Athermal effects were once commonly called "specific effects". Modern day, specific effects could be further divided into two categories, direct and indirect. Direct effects are physical mechanisms by which a structure is acted upon. Indirect effects are downstream of those actions, and are a matter of biological signal transduction and damping or amplification (adaptation). An important example being triggering calcium influx, an ubiquitous signaling mechanism. It is covered below and very likely the primary underlying mechanism behind many of the effects reported over the decades.
  637.  
  638. Bibliographies:
  639. The Navy had the Naval Medical Research Institute identify work done on RF. This work was fulfilled by Zorach Glaser.
  640. [m][NMRI] Glaser 1972 - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REPORTED BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA ('EFFECTS') AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS ATTRIBUTED TO MICROWAVE AND RADIO-FREQUENCY RADIATION
  641. The 1972 version contains the first three supplements to the Naval Medical Research Institute's original 1971 report, bringing the citation count to 2311.
  642. [m][NMRI] Glaser 1976 - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF REPORTED BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA ('EFFECTS') AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS ATTRIBUTED TO MICROWAVE AND RADIO-FREQUENCY RADIATION COMPILATION
  643. More staff were allocated to the project. Containing the first seven supplements, the citation count came to >4000.
  644. A total of nine supplements were produced ending in 1978.
  645.  
  646. [m][NMRI] Glaser 1976 - BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS OF RADIO FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE RADIATION A REVIEW OF SELECTED SOVIET, EAST EUROPEAN, AND WESTERN REFERENCES (DTIC ADA045044)
  647. "At the 1969 Symposium on the Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiation held in Richmond, Va., Dodge and others, reviewed the Soviet and East European literature in this field. At that time it was estimated that the literature amounted to several hundred citations, and that most of the data therein had not been brought to the attention of the United States scientific community.
  648.  
  649. Since that time several efforts have been made to better organize, consolidate, and disseminate the international literature on the general subject of the biological effects of microwaves. Glaser's continuing efforts to this end have yielded a considerable data base on the subject. The number of citations in the bibliography (dating as far back as the 1930's) is almost 3400, and the volume continues to grow rapidly.
  650.  
  651. There are a number of additional programs in the United States to develop automated or seal-automated storage and retrieval systems, not only for the literature, but for the specific data. Most of these systems are in various stages of formulation or final preparation. At least one additional bibliography on the subject has been published recently."
  652. This is also a good overall review.
  653.  
  654. "Dr. Glaser mentioned that a number of lawyers, and a few individuals working for the wireless industry have asked him for parts of his collection but he declined to give the collection to them because he felt the information would be buried. He indicated that he wanted the collection to be available to the public." - Magda Havas
  655. https://magdahavas.com/introduction-to-from-zorys-archive/
  656.  
  657. The EPA put together their own index.
  658. [m][EPA] Kinn 1981 - Index Of Publications On Biological Effects Of Electromagnetic Radiation (0-100 GHz)
  659. It contains 3627 references.
  660.  
  661. Adey 1993 - Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5306/e5b2a202f3aaa815ff553d5d28c5606a746f.pdf)
  662.  
  663. Changes in ion flux:
  664. Altered ion flux (potassium, sodium) was noted by Soviet researchers in the 1960's.
  665. [m][Symposium, Warsaw] 1973 - Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation
  666. Page 29: Gordon - Main directions and results of research conducted in the USSR on the biologic effects of microwaves
  667. "In another series of biophysical investigations the influence of microwaves upon cell membranes was studied, and particularly on their selective permeability to the ions which influence the membrane electric potentiaI, K+ and Na+. Isolated human blood erythrocytes provided the biologic model for studies of microwave influence on membrane permeability. Changes in influx rates of radiolabelled K+ and Na+ into red blood cells were determined during and after microwave irradiation within the dose range of 900 to 2340 MHz, and compared with respective heat controls. Relationships between irradiation parameters (frequency, intensity and duration) and changes in ion transport into erythrocytes were investigated.
  668.  
  669. The results revealed statistically significant changes in the rates of transport of K+ and Na+ ions across membranes not related to a rise in temperature of the suspension. These changes did not depend on radiation frequency within the range investigated. The threshold microwave intensity leading to a significant change in the rates of ion transport following irradiation for two hours approximated 1 mW/cm2, The relationship between intensity and duration of irradiation and its effects was of a multiphasic character and did not follow a linear dose-effect relationship with regard to absorbed energy.
  670. [...]
  671. It is important to emphasize that even in such relatively simple objects as erythrocytes, the regulatory processes contribute significantly to the ultimate biologic effect (changes in the rate of ion transport). Indeed, it has been shown that the primary effect, depending linearly on the dose of energy, has a triggering effect on cell regulatory phenomena. The overlapping of regulatory processes and the primary effect determines the complex, non-linear character of the relationship between intensity and duration of irradiation (i.e., the dose of energy) and biologic effects. It appears that it is even more so when we deal with reactions of much more complex systems, such as the whole organism, to irradiation of relatively low intensity, or prolonged exposure at intensities which do not evoke pathologic lesions during short-term exposures. Tn such cases external evidence of the biologic effects is limited, as a rule, to reflections of changes in complex regulatory processes, only indirectly connected with the action of electromagnetic energy. This is presumably why, particularly within the range of low intensities (up to 10 mW/cm2), it proves impossible to obtain a simple quantitative relationship between intensity and duration of irradiation, on the one hand, and the biologic effect on the other. It has been shown that, apart from the depolarizing action of microwaves upon excitable membranes, hyperpolarizing effects occur (rise in membrane potential of muscle fibres).
  672.  
  673. Electrophysiologic investigations of elementary excitable structures at an extremely low intensity of irradiation (5 uW/cm2) have revealed changes in a number of functional parameters and characteristics, namely, a slowed conduction of impulses, an increased synaptic delay, lengthening of latent and refractory periods, changes in action potential (all in isolated nerve and muscle fibres of the frog), inhibition of the impulse activity of single ganglionic neurons (the medicinal leech). Some of these results arc presented in Tables 3 to 5.
  674.  
  675. Results of studies on red blood cell membranes coupled with data on the influence of microwave irradiation on isolated excitable structures make it possible to hypothesize that the influence of microwaves on excitable cells is connected with alterations in the permeability of the cell membranes brought about by changes in transport of ions, which influence the membrane potential.
  676.  
  677. Unfortunately, we do not have at present data on the precise physicochemical nature of the processes leading to changes in ion transport across membranes of the irradiated cells. Undoubtedly, these processes would be worth studying in greater detail.
  678.  
  679. Consideration of the possibility of a selective absorption of microwave energy at interfaces of heterogeneous biologic systems led to the assumption that the single physical mechanism - a selective absorption of electromagnetic field energy at the surfaces of colloid molecules, membranes and other cell constituents - underlies the various "non-thermal" biologic effects of electromagnetic fields. This may be true since the surface conductivity is increased within the double electric layer at the interfaces of biologic objects. Biophysical studies aiming at experimental testing of this assumption are being planned."
  680.  
  681. By the mid 70's altered calcium flux, particularly the Work of Bawin and Adey showing Ca2+ efflux from brain tissue, and downstream signaling had emerged as a non-thermal mechanism. Later, aberrant calcium influx leading to chronically elevated intracellular calcium arose as a possible mechanism.
  682. Pall 2013 - Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects
  683. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23802593
  684.  
  685. Pall 2016 - Electromagnetic Fields Act Similarly in Plants as in Animals Probable Activation of Calcium Channels via Their Voltage Sensor
  686. http://www.esalq.usp.br/lepse/imgs/conteudo_thumb/Electromagnetic-Fields-Act-Similarly-in-Plants-as-in-Animals---Probable-Activation-of-Calcium-Channels-via-Their-Voltage-Sensor.pdf
  687. (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/ccb/2016/00000010/00000001/art00010)
  688.  
  689. Pacher 2007 - Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease
  690. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2248324/
  691.  
  692. Knott 2009 - Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease of the Nervous System
  693. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933573/
  694.  
  695. Pall 2016 - Microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce widespread neuropsychiatric effects including depression
  696. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891061815000599?via%3Dihub
  697.  
  698. Pall 2018 - Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health
  699. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935118300355
  700.  
  701. [m]Adey 2003 - Evidence for Nonthermal Electromagnetic Bioeffects Potential Health Risks in Evolving Low-Frequency & Microwave Environments
  702. From "Electromagnetic Environments and Health in Buildings", 2004.
  703.  
  704. Panagopoulos 2015 - Polarization: A Key Difference between Man-made and Natural Electromagnetic Fields, in regard to Biological Activity
  705. https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14914
  706.  
  707. ---------------Real world power density (exposure) measurements---------
  708. Ramirez-Vazquez 2019 - Personal RF-EMF exposure from mobile phone base stations during temporary events.
  709. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31146098
  710. Wall 2019 - Real-world cell phone radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposures.
  711. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30448205
  712. Power densities of 2G phones and bluetooth headsets were measured.
  713. -Bluetooth
  714. "Each Bluetooth Headset was found to have minimal difference in the measured power density between call connections with the MNO A and B phones.Conversely, there was a wide variation in power density between the different Bluetooth models regardless of which call connected MNO phone was used."
  715. Power density ranged from 0.000012 - 0.00021 mW/cm2
  716.  
  717. ----------Fertility------------
  718.  
  719. 1940's Navy radar, TODO
  720.  
  721. McRee 1980 - Soviet and Eastern European Research on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation
  722. https://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/mcree80_rev_soviet.pdf
  723. "Mice were used to study the effects of microwaves on the function and morphology of reproductive organs. The intent of the study was to determine the effects of 12.6-cm [~2.38 GHz] microwaves at incident power densities of 10, 20, and 50uW/cm2 on the ability of females to conceive and on the offspring of the irradiated animals (litter size, survival rate, postembryonic development, number of stillborn mice, and number of deformities). For all power densities, a decrease in the reproductive function of females, a decrease in the litter size and changes in the postembryonic development of the offspring were observed. The magnitude of the changes increased with power density. The number of stillborns increased from 1.1 percent at 10 uW/cm2 to 7 percent at 50 uW/cm2."
  724.  
  725. [m][DIA] Adams 1976 - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) EURASIAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
  726. Page 7: Part 3: Cells
  727. "The most popular cells for study appear to be those of rat or mouse liver. Nonthermal effects on subcellular structures include the formation of binuclear cells and irregular thickening of the nuclear membrane. Invagination of cytoplasm into the nucleus has also been observed, frequently accompanied by breaks in the nuclear membrane. Marked changes in the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria have also been noted. The available data, although still insufficient and inconclusive, seem to indicate that the magnitude of these effects is frequency dependent."
  728. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the zona reaction.
  729. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_reaction
  730. Without this organelle functioning properly, natural fertilization and development is greatly inhibited.
  731. https://academic.oup.com/molehr/article/24/6/310/4964997
  732. https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/19/7/1591/2356380
  733. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27743693
  734.  
  735. 2009 - Keep That Phone Out of Your Trouser Pocket! Once Again, Australia’s Aitken Sees DNA Damage
  736. https://microwavenews.com/aitken.html
  737. ""After 16 hours exposure, there was clear evidence of DNA damage," Aitken said at a fertility conference in Brisbane last fall when he first presented these findings. Aitken is the director of the Australian Research Council's Center of Excellence in Biotechnology and Development.
  738.  
  739. "Several independent lines of evidence suggest that RF-EMR has the potential to influence semen quality and could be an important contributor to DNA damage in the male germ line," Aitken told Microwave News. He said that he would like to see more studies done, especially ones with the statistical power to determine whether RF can indeed affect male fertility."
  740.  
  741. Bakacak 2015 - The effects of electromagnetic fields on the number of ovarian primordial follicles: An experimental study
  742. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26043407
  743. -15 minutes per day of wifi exposure near the abdomen (the way someone would hold a tablet, phone, laptop), for 15 days.
  744. -Up to 70% reduction in ovarian reserves.
  745.  
  746. Magras and Xenos 1997 - RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice.
  747. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9261543
  748. -Mice were placed at varying distances to an antenna park in Greece broadcasting AM/FM radio and analogue over the air television.
  749. -Power densities measured were ~1uW/cm2 - 168nW/cm2. Well within safety guidelines.
  750. -Mice live to 2-5 years old, reach sexual maturity ~4-7 weeks, gestation takes 19-21 days. Pregnancy can occur after birth fairly quickly (1-4 weeks).
  751. -There was a progressive decrease in litter size until it dropped to 0 by the fifth generation.
  752. -There was no reversal on cessation of exposure, indicating irreversible population level infertility. Likely a function of mutational load.
  753. -The first generations appeared more healthy by some metrics.
  754. -(Soviet and Eastern European work 40 years prior found a similar initial effect, NTP also reported an increase in lifespan)
  755. -Very few gross birth defects were seen. There was an increase in crown-rump length, body weight, and number of posterior vertebrae.
  756. -Males gradually developed poor physical appearance. Other studies have observed lack of grooming.
  757. -To my knowledge this study was never replicated or followed up, now 23 years later.
  758.  
  759. Kesari 2018 - Radiations and male fertility
  760. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6240172/
  761.  
  762. Mailankot 2009 - Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) Mobile Phones Induces Oxidative Stress and Reduces Sperm Motility in Rats
  763. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2705159/
  764. "Male albino Wistar rats (10–12 weeks old) were exposed to RF-EMR from an active GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) mobile phone for 1 hour continuously per day for 28 days. Controls were exposed to a mobile phone without a battery for the same period."
  765. "No significant difference was observed in total sperm count between controls and RF-EMR exposed groups. However, rats exposed to RF-EMR exhibited a significantly reduced percentage of motile sperm. Moreover, RF-EMR exposure resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and low GSH content in the testis and epididymis."
  766.  
  767. Houston 2019 - Whole-body exposures to radiofrequency-electromagnetic energy can cause DNA damage in mouse spermatozoa via an oxidative mechanism
  768. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53983-9
  769. -Unknown modulation, could be much worse with actual devices (pulsed) if this is CW.
  770.  
  771.  
  772. Sperm dropped, 50%
  773. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/16/health/male-sperm-count-problem.html
  774. Levine 2017 - Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis
  775. https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/23/6/646/4035689
  776.  
  777. -------------- DECT and Cordless Phones ----------
  778.  
  779. https://www.powerwatch.org.uk/library/downloads/dect-phones-2018-10.pdf
  780.  
  781. --------------Endocrine----------------
  782.  
  783. [m][DIA] Adams 1976 - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) EURASIAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
  784. Page 12:
  785. "A quantitative assay of the gonadotropic hormones and growth hormones in the pituitary body of rats exposed to microwave radiatiOD indicated that for a certain time after exposure, blocking or inactivation of gonadotropinreleasing agents occurs in the hypothalamus. Both neural-hormonal and pituitary gonadotropic hypofunctional effects resulted from whole-body microwave irradiation.
  786.  
  787. The general conclusion that ca be drawn from various (both animal and human) studies of the anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex is that exposure to radiowaves and microwaves of thermal intensities results in suppression of the hormone producing functions but exposure to nonthermal intensities tends to enhance production."
  788.  
  789. ----------Thyroid and adrenals--------------
  790. [m][DIA] Adams 1976 - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) EURASIAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
  791. Page 11: Part 6 - Glands
  792. "The functional status of the adrenal cortex in shipboard specialists subjected to the effects of a lJBF field was reviewed. Thirty-eight men were exposed to the field for periods of 24 to 1800 hours and ketosteroids and oxycorticosteroids (which reflect androgenic function) were monitored. The results indicated that androgenic, glucocorticoid, and mineral corticoid functions of the adrenal gland cortex do not deviate from the normal. Microwave exposure also increased thyroid function in these subjects. The increase was attributed to secondary effects of the radiation and was felt to result from disturbances of the sympathetic nervous system in the hypothalamic region. In guinea pigs, the weight of the adrenal glands increased after continuous exposure at low levels for fourteen days, but decreased in animals exposed to interrupted exposures. Modification of lipid metabolism appears to be the mechanism of action. Similar exposure using chicks resulted in increased ascorbic acid content in the cytoplasm of the adrenal cortex, but other work bas produced conflicting results regarding the effects on the adrenal cortex.
  793.  
  794. The general conclusion that can be drawn from various (both animal and human) studies of the anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex is that exposure to radiowaves and microwaves of thermal intensities results in suppression of the hormone producing functions but exposure to nonthermal intensities tends to enhance production.
  795.  
  796. An increase of the thyroid function indices was found in animals undergoing microwave irradiation for four months at a power density of 5 mW/cm2. In histological sections of the cylindric epithelium covering the thyroid, follicles were seen and electron microscopy revealed reticulum."
  797.  
  798. Eşmekaya 2010 - Pulse modulated 900 MHz radiation induces hypothyroidism and apoptosis in thyroid cells: A light, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical study
  799. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807179
  800. Full text: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46106931_Pulse_modulated_900_MHz_radiation_induces_hypothyroidism_and_apoptosis_in_thyroid_cells_A_light_electron_microscopy_and_immunohistochemical_study
  801.  
  802. Koyu 2005 - Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid hormones in rats
  803. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917150
  804. Rats were exposed to a 900 MHz (continuous wave) field. TSH, T3, and T4 were lowered. Perhaps this indicates CW suppression of pituitary or hypothalamic function, the study design doesn't show if there was an initial increase in thyroid function.
  805.  
  806.  
  807. Power frequency fields:
  808.  
  809.  
  810.  
  811.  
  812. Thyroid Cancer:
  813. Cell Phones and Cancer: Your Genes May Tell the Story Genetic Susceptibility and RF Radiation Modulate Thyroid Cancer
  814. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/cell-phones-and-cancer-your-genes-may-tell-story
  815. Powers et al 2019 - Changes in Trends in Thyroid Cancer Incidence in the United States, 1992 to 2016
  816. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2757803
  817. Carlberg et al 2016 - Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in the Nordic countries with main focus on Swedish data
  818. https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-016-2429-4
  819.  
  820.  
  821. Thyroid dysfunction as a component of a greater syndrome:
  822. In his clinical definition of "Microwave Sickness" Sadchikova noted changes in thyroid function.
  823. [m][Symposium, Warsaw] 1973 - Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation
  824. Page 261: Sadcikova - Clinical manifestations of reactions to microwave irradiation in various occupational groups
  825. "Functional thyroid changes with increase of its activity occurred not infrequently."
  826. See "Microwave Sickness".
  827.  
  828. TSH: 153.74 uIU/mL (ref 0.35 - 5.50)
  829. Free T4: 0.12 ng/dL (ref 0.89 - 1.76)
  830. Total T3: 0.25 ng/dL (ref 0.60 - 1.81)
  831.  
  832.  
  833. ------------------Structure of water, membrane "bound" water---------------------
  834.  
  835. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-T7tCMUDXU
  836. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9UC0chfXcg
  837.  
  838. ------------------Addiction, Changes in Drug Response---------------
  839.  
  840. Lai 1983 - Psychoactive-Drug Response Is Affected by Acute Low-Level Microwave Irradiation
  841. Lai 1984 - Effects of Acute Low-Level Microwaves on Pentobarbital-Induced Hypothermia Depend on Exposure Orientation
  842. Lai 1984 - Ethanol-Induced Hypothermia and Ethanol Consumption in the Rat Are Affected by Low-Level Microwave Irradiation
  843. Lai 1986 - Effects of low-level microwave irradiation on amphetamine hyperthermia are blockable by naloxone and classically conditionable
  844. Lai 1986 - Low-Level Microwave Irradiation Attenuates Naloxone-Induced Withdrawal Syndrome in Morphine-Dependent Rats
  845. Lai 1987 - Effects of Low-Level Microwave Irradiation on Hippocampal and Frontal Cortical Choline Uptake are Classically Conditionable
  846. Lai 1987 - Low-Level Microwave Irradiations Affect Central Cholinergic Activity in the Rat
  847. Lai 1988 - Acute Low-Level Microwave Exposure and Central Cholinergic Activity Studies on Irradiation Parameters
  848. Lai 1988 - Effects of repeated exposure to white noise on central cholinergic activity in the rat
  849. Lai 1989 - Low-Level Microwave Irradiation and Central Cholinergic Activity A Dose-Response Study
  850. Lai 1989 - Low-Level Microwave Irradiation and Central Cholinergic Systems
  851. Lai 1990 - Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Antagonist Blocks Microwave-Induced Decreases in High-Affinity Choline Uptake in the Rat Brain
  852. Lai 1991 - Naltrexone Pretreatment Blocks Microwave-Induced Changes in Central Cholinergic Receptors
  853. Lai 1992 - Opioid Receptor Subtypes That Mediate a Microwave-Induced Decrease in Central Cholinergic Activity in the Rat
  854. Lai 1992 - Research on the Neurological Effects of Nonionizing Radiation at the University of Washington
  855. Lai 1992 - Single vs. Repeated Microwave Exposure Effects on Benzodiazepine Receptors in the Brain of the Rat
  856. Lai 1993 - Effects of a 60 Hz Magnetic Field on Central Cholinergic Systems of the Rat
  857. Lai 1994 - Microwave Irradiation Affects Radial-Arm Maze Performance in the Rat
  858. Lai 1995 - Acute Low-Intensity Microwave Exposure Increases DNA Single-Strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells
  859. Lai 1996 - Spatial Learning Deficit in the Rat After Exposure to a 60 Hz Magnetic Field
  860. Lai 1997 - Acute Exposure to a 60 Hz Magnetic Field Increases DNA Strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells
  861. Lai 1997 - Melatonin and a Spin-Trap Compound Block Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation-Induced DNA Strand Breaks in Rat Brain Cells
  862. Lai 1998 - Acute Exposure to a 60 Hz Magnetic Field Affects Rats’ Water-Maze Performance
  863. Lai 1998 - Intracerebroventricular Injection of Mu- and Delta-Opiate Receptor Antagonists Block 60 Hz Magnetic Field-Induced Decreases in
  864. Lai 1999 - 60 Hz Magnetic Fields and Central Cholinergic Activity Effects of Exposure Intensity and Duration
  865. Lai 2001 - Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation from Wireless Transmission Towers
  866.  
  867. ----------------DNA Damage------------------------
  868.  
  869. Cell Phones and Cancer: Your Genes May Tell the Story Genetic Susceptibility and RF Radiation Modulate Thyroid Cancer
  870. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/cell-phones-and-cancer-your-genes-may-tell-story
  871.  
  872. McRee 1980 - Soviet and Eastern European Research on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation
  873. https://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/mcree80_rev_soviet.pdf
  874. "Effects of 12-cm [2.45 GHz] microwaves on bone marrow of inbred albino rats exposed to power densities of 50 and 500uW/cm2 have been reported. The animals were exposed for 7 h/day for 10 days. Both exposure power densities resulted in a significant initial increase in frequency of cells with chromosomal aberrations, mainly in the form of polyploidy, aneuploidy, chromatid deletion, accentric fragments, and chromatid gaps. The incidence of the aberrations was higher two weeks after the irradiation than immediately following irradiation in the group exposed to 50uW/cm2. In the group exposed to 500uW/cm2, the aberration frequency decreased by the end of the second week due to the elimination of damaged cells."
  875.  
  876. The Lai-Singh "Wargaming" Memo.
  877. Lai 1995 - Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells.
  878. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7677797
  879. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/singh-comet-assay-radiation-research
  880. Microwave News, January/February 1997. Page 13 - Motorola "Wargaming" memo:
  881. https://microwavenews.com/news/backissues/j-f97issue.pdf
  882.  
  883. Belyaev 2008 - Microwaves from UMTS/GSM mobile phones induce long-lasting inhibition of 53BP1/gamma-H2AX DNA repair foci in human lymphocytes.
  884. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18839414
  885.  
  886. Markova 2010 - Microwaves from Mobile Phones Inhibit 53BP1 Focus Formation in Human Stem Cells More Strongly Than in Differentiated Cells: Possible Mechanistic Link to Cancer Risk
  887. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.0900781
  888.  
  889. Akdag 2018 - Exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields emitted from mobile phones induced DNA damage in human ear canal hair follicle cells.
  890. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29667447
  891. In vivo (in the body) DNA damage was found in humans after a mobile phone call.
  892.  
  893. ---------------Cancer-----------------------------
  894. “In almost any other type of environmental exposures, if the evidence were as strong as the association between EMFs and cancer, there would be extensive government regulation. The major reason that many members of the committee were unwilling to set more rigorous standards was that it would be horrendously expensive and unrealistic to enforce them.” - David O. Carpenter, 1995
  895.  
  896. Adey 1990 - Joint actions of environmental nonionizing electromagnetic fields and chemical pollution in cancer promotion.
  897. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1567752/
  898. "To pursue these problems in the environment and in the laboratory, our needs for further research with appropriate budgets are great. We recognize the importance of studies that address the effects of long-term, recurrent, intermittent exposures to environmental electromagnetic fields, which is an area where simplistic concepts of cumulative dose effects do not apply. These epidemiologic and laboratory studies emphasize the growing impact of environmental chemical pollution and the rapidly increasing deployment of an almost infinite variety of environmental electromagnetic fields as possible joint factors in cancer promotion. As we move towards the twenty-first century, elucidation of mechanisms underlying these interactions at the cellular and molecular level will become matters of urgency. At the same time, implementation of public policies that would mitigate risks from these exposures may impact heavily on existing industrial practices and on important aspects of environmental planning in housing and urban development. At this stage, it is of paramount importance that the significance of these issues no longer be ignored.
  899. [...]
  900. Do these EM fields constitute a health hazard? Based on available epidemiological data and laboratory studies, it has become increasingly clear that these fields acting either alone or in conjunction with chemicals that occur as environmental pollutants may constitute a potential health hazard. Much has been accomplished in the past decade in establishing a firm base of new knowledge, despite a grave and growing lack of research funds and also entrenched and often self-serving attitudes among influential groups who have denied the possibility of adverse effects, based simply on their a priori positions."
  901.  
  902. And now here we are 30 years later and the picture is much the same. We've been dug in even further, have failed to institute responsible public policies, and the situation has worsened many fold. There should be a public demand that efforts be made to make these devices demonstrably safe. On the part of industry, at this point the liability and potential backlash is so incomprehensibly massive that any publicly disclosed or implied R&D which implicitly admits to a lack of safety, would have to be an unacceptable risk. There's more than enough evidence to demonstrate that it was known, by many parties, that their products were unsafe long ago (eg Motorola in the mid 90's). If you consider the device manufacturers, chipset design, foundries with multiyear fabication contracts, shipment, the mining and refinement of materials, for all kinds of devices, you have a massive multitrillion dollar international industrial complex that will have various (generally similar) reactions to growing risk, PR, and retroactive liability. Samsung alone is something like 1/5 of South Korea's total economy. It's all tied together.
  903.  
  904. Interestingly the USSR's early creation of a standard, and laws concerning retroactive liability may be what allowed them to avoid being locked into this type of mess when making their standards in the mid 1950's. Would need someone with knowledge of Soviet law and history to go further into this.
  905.  
  906. IARC 2011 - IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans
  907. https://www.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/pr208_E.pdf
  908. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/iarc-urged-reassess-rf
  909.  
  910. Cell Phones and Cancer: Your Genes May Tell the Story Genetic Susceptibility and RF Radiation Modulate Thyroid Cancer
  911. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/cell-phones-and-cancer-your-genes-may-tell-story
  912.  
  913. Pandora Foundation 2019 - Glioblastomas Have Doubled in Number in England Since Mobile Phones Were Introduced in 1995
  914. https://pandora-foundation.eu/2019/03/19/glioblastomas-have-doubled-in-number-in-england-since-mobile-phones-were-introduced-in-1995/
  915.  
  916. GBM Incidence Rates Relatively Steady in U.S. and Canada Unlike the Doubling Seen in England
  917. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/gbm-us-canada-england
  918. "Between 1995 and 2015, GBM rates went up 10% in the U.S. and 26% in Canada. In contrast, the increase in England over the same period was 110%.
  919.  
  920. The new analysis, led by Faith Davis of the University of Alberta, Canada, and published in a letter to Neuro-Oncology, shows that GBM rates in all three countries have been converging since 1995 and are now quite similar. In 2015, the rates were: 4.32 in the U.S., 4.50 in Canada and 5.02 in England, per 100,000 persons per year."
  921. [...]
  922. Davis writes that, given that the rates among the countries are now similar, it would be “premature” to attribute past incidence rate patterns to any environmental factor.
  923.  
  924. One aspect of the English data is left unanswered by Davis’s letter: Philips showed that the incidence of low-grade brain tumors was decreasing as that of GBM was increasing, netting little change in the overall rate of all malignant brain tumors (see figure below). Davis did not address trends for low-grade tumors.
  925. [...]
  926. In addition to England, GBM have also been increasing at higher than expected rates in Denmark, France and Sweden."
  927.  
  928. Location, Location, Location Aggressive Brain Tumors Tell a Story GBM Rise Only in Frontal and Temporal Lobes
  929. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/gbm-frontal-and-tempral-lobes
  930.  
  931. Frey 2011 - Rapid response to: Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study
  932. https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/08/safety-cell-phone-radiation
  933.  
  934. Hardell and Carlberg 2015 - Increasing Rates of Brain Tumours in the Swedish National Inpatient Register and the Causes of Death Register
  935. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4410216/
  936. Ahlbom et al 2015 - Comments on Hardell and Carlberg Increasing Rates of Brain Tumors in the Swedish National Inpatient Register and the Causes of Death Register
  937. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586697/
  938. Hardell and carlberg 2015 - Response to Ahlbom et al. Comments on Hardell and Carlberg Increasing Rates of Brian Tumors in the Swedish National Inpatient Register and the Causes of Death Register
  939. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4586698/
  940.  
  941. Two notable studies were done by Adey et al on chronic exposure to FM (Frequency Modulated / Analogue) phone signals, and TDMA signal schemes (used in 2G, digital/pulsed). They used a chemical tumor promoter model to see if there was any difference in tumor rate.
  942. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access
  943. Adey 1999 - Spontaneous and Nitrosourea-Induced Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Fischer 344 Rats Chronically Exposed to 836 MHz Modulated Microwaves
  944. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10453090
  945. Adey 2000 - Spontaneous and Nitrosourea-induced Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System in Fischer 344 Rats Exposed to Frequency-modulated Microwave Fields
  946. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766172
  947. The interesting part is that after he reported a slight (but statistically insignificant) protective effect from the TDMA, Motorola rejected his findings, canceled future studies, and cut funding to his lab. Which closed shortly after. It seems they wanted a clean "no effect", period.
  948. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/ross-adey
  949. "Adey prompted another stir when his studies of long-term exposure to cell phone radiation pointed to what appeared to be a protective effect —that is, exposed mice developed fewer tumors. Motorola, which paid for Adey’s experiments, repudiated this finding and soon afterwards stopped supporting his lab. It closed down a short time later. In an interview with Fortune magazine in October 2000, Adey urged that research continue: “There is a big task ahead to define what the lowest level of safe exposure could be,” he said, predicting that, “Wherever we go we will be immersed in a sea of low-level pulsed microwave signals.”"
  950. March, 1993 - DO CELLULAR PHONES CAUSE CANCER? One researcher for Motorola wouldn't use them more than 30 minutes a day. But there's an appalling lack of convincing research on risks from electromagnetic fields.
  951. https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1993/03/08/77585/index.htm
  952.  
  953. One thing that comes to mind is that exposure to some signals may be more apt to simply kill cells, rather than initiating or aiding in the tumor development process. Otherwise they may cause a low-grade stress response (hormesis) without interfering with DNA repair systems in this particular species.
  954.  
  955. ---------Teratogenicity and Development---------------
  956. Broom 2019 - Early-Life Exposure to Pulsed LTE Radiofrequency Fields Causes Persistent Changes in Activity and Behavior in C57BL/6J Mice
  957. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bem.22217
  958. Hardell 2018 - Effects of Mobile Phones on Children's and Adolescents' Health: A Commentary.
  959. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28504422
  960.  
  961. ---------------------Autism------------------------------
  962. Timothy Syndrome is a polymorphism of the gene that encodes the calcium channel and causes calcium channels to be overactive, leading to chronically elevated intracellular calcium and aberrant calcium signalling. Being genetic, this is occurring during prenatal development as well. Pulsed microwaves have a similar effect (described above).
  963. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/timothy-syndrome
  964. People with Timothy syndrome almost always present with autism.
  965.  
  966. Martha Herbert, PhD. Pediatric neurology, Mass. General.
  967. https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7520940748.pdf
  968. http://www.marthaherbert.org/library/Herbert-Sage-2013-Autism-EMF-PlausibilityPathophysiologicalLink-Part11.pdf
  969. http://www.marthaherbert.org/library/Herbert-Sage-2013-Autism-EMF-PlausibilityPathophysiologicalLink-Part2.pdf
  970. Harvard Pediatric Neurologist on Electromagnetic Radiation, Autism and Brain Development May 2016
  971. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiybO08af58
  972.  
  973.  
  974. ---------------Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)---------------------
  975.  
  976. Allan Frey 2012 - Opinion: Cell Phone Health Risk?
  977. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/opinion-cell-phone-health-risk-40449
  978. "Security concerns during the Cold War may have led to the generation of misinformation on the physiological effects of microwave radiation from mobile phones."
  979. Eberhardt et al 2008 - Blood-brain barrier permeability and nerve cell damage in rat brain 14 and 28 days after exposure to microwaves from GSM mobile phones.
  980. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18821198
  981.  
  982. -----------Nervous System and Behavior---------------
  983.  
  984. Nirwane 2016 - Neurobehavioural Changes and Brain Oxidative Stress Induced by Acute Exposure to GSM900 Mobile Phone Radiations in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
  985. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4843974/
  986.  
  987. Narayanan et al 2010 - Effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic radiations (RF-EMR) on passive avoidance behaviour and hippocampal morphology in Wistar rat
  988. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20095879
  989. "In comparison to the control animals, marked morphological changes were detected in the CA3 region of the hippocampus of the RF-EMR-exposed rats. The hippocampus of RF-EMR-exposed rats showed shrunken, darkly stained neurons. No such changes were observed in the control rats."
  990.  
  991. Narayanan et al 2013 - Analysis of emotionality and locomotion in radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation exposed rats.
  992. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22976773
  993. -900 MHz band GSM phone, peak power density of 146.60 uW/cm2
  994. -Exposed for 1 hour per day, for 28 days.
  995. "A total of 36 male animals were obtained from eight different litters. They were randomly allotted into three groups having 12 in each group and 3 in each cage. Group I (Control; n = 12): remained in the home cage throughout the experimental period (28 days). Group II (Sham exposed; n = 12): were exposed to mobile phone in switch off mode placed in a wood bottom bamboo wire mesh cage for 28 days. The phone container cage was placed in the center of the home cage. Group III (RF-EMR exposed; n = 12): they were exposed to RF-EMR (900 MHz) from an activated Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) mobile phone for 1 h per day for 28 days. Placement of the phone was the same as described above for the sham-exposed group."
  996.  
  997. "The elevated plus maze test is used to evaluate the relative anxiety and locomotor behaviors in rodents. The rats’ movements in a maze are related to fear drive and exploratory drive. These two drives are evoked by novel stimuli and create an approach–avoidance situation. Thus, in this test, the rat experiences a conflict, whereby it is driven to explore the maze while it is also dealing with an aversion to exploration. The open and closed arms are considered to evoke the same exploratory drive, therefore avoidance of the open arms is considered to be a result of the induction of higher levels of fear.
  998.  
  999. In the current study, altered emotionality was seen in rats exposed to RF-EMR. Their open arm entries (~2 times), open arm exploration time (~3 times) and distance travelled (~3 times) on the open arm was decreased. In the EPM test, aforementioned parameters are considered as the bench mark parameters for assessing anxiety like behaviors in rodents. An anxious mice or rat spends little time on the open arms and makes very few entries into the open arms. The fear induced defecation was also found to be more in RF-EMR exposed group. Literature example suggests that, the rate of defecation positively correlates with anxiety levels of animals. Another important behavior of rats observed on the EPM was the rearing frequency. Rearing frequency of the animals on EPM was significantly reduced (~2 times) in RF-EMR exposed rats compared to controls. Previous reports suggest that, rearing frequency is a function of the excitability levels of the CNS and it positively correlates with exploratory behaviors in rodents. In addition, RF-EMR exposed rats showed lesser number (~2 times) of grooming events compared to controls. The process of grooming requires the involvement of several brain areas and it is modulated by various neurotransmitters particularly dopamine. Further investigation is required to analyze the cause of this altered behavior in RFEMR exposed rats."
  1000.  
  1001. Lu 2012 - Glucose administration attenuates spatial memory deficits induced by chronic low-power-density microwave exposure
  1002. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22564535
  1003.  
  1004.  
  1005. Augner and Hacker 2012 - Associations between problematic mobile phone use and psychological parameters in young adults.
  1006. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21290162
  1007.  
  1008. --------------------Nervous system-----------------------
  1009. Medical uses like short wave analgesia had been known since ~1910. In Russia, 1937, Turlygin published a comprehensive report of neurological changes in a subject exposed to a spark gap oscillator. This spawned a great deal of interest and extensive research which remained highly active until somewhat after the dissolution of the USSR.
  1010. -EEG Changes
  1011. [m][Moscow Symposium] 1998 - Electromagnetic fields biological effects and hygienic standardization
  1012. Page 501: Grigoriev - Humans responses to the electromagnetic radiation from cellular telephones
  1013. Page 513: Khudnitskii - Investigations of the functional condition of the central nervous and cardio-vascular systems among mobile telephone users
  1014.  
  1015. -Review
  1016. [m]Raines 1981 - Electromagnetic field interactions with the human body: Observed effects and theories
  1017. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810017132
  1018.  
  1019. [m][DIA] Adams 1976 - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) EURASIAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
  1020.  
  1021. Certain regions are more radiosensitive:
  1022. McRee 1980 - Soviet and Eastern European Research on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation
  1023. https://www.avaate.org/IMG/pdf/mcree80_rev_soviet.pdf
  1024. "In an experiment to determine the effects of 460-MHz CW microwave radiation on central structures of the brain, the heads of chinchilla rabbits were exposed to power densities of 2 and 5 mW/cm2. The bodies of the animals were protected from the radiation by a special covering. Tests were conducted in the following way: 5 min of recording of background activity of the neuron; 10 min of irradiation; 5 min of recording of activity of the neuron after irradiation. After 24 h the experiment was repeated in the same sequence but with recording of activity of a neuron located at a distance of 0.2 to 0.5 mm from the preceding one. This procedure was repeated on seven consecutive days. Experiments on control animals were made the same way but without radiation. -The peak potentials of the neurons were recorded using glass micropipettes (tip diameter 0.2-2 pm) filled with a 2.5 M solution of KC1. The activity of a total of 193 neurons in different parts of the brain (dorsal hippocampus, specific and nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and reticular formation of the midbrain) was measured. An analysis of the activity of the neurons indicated that the radiation exerted a selective action on central structures of the brain. The largest number of neurons which actively responded to the radiation was observed in the hippocampus, the least in the reticular formation of the midbrain. The different directions of responses of the neurons of the reticular formation of the 'midbrain and the nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus was interpreted by the authors as a weakening of the inhibiting effect of the cortex of the large hemispheres upon subcortical structures.
  1025.  
  1026. Another experiment by the same authors using chinchilla rabbits was performed at 460 MHz with power densities of 2 and 5 mW/cm2 and exposure duration of 10 min. The effects of the radiation on the overall and spontaneous activity of neurons on the central structures of the brain were measured. Nichrome electrodes were used to measure the overall electrical activity and the above described microelectrode for spontaneous activity. As in the previous experiment, only the head of the animals were exposed. At exposures to 2 mW/cm2 the authors reported that an EEG activation reaction was elicited, adoption of the rhythm of a flashing light at the frequency of 13-25 Hz was alleviated and an increase in frequency of neural discharge was induced. At exposure power density of 5-mW/cmz2 synchronization of electrical activity made it difficult to adopt to the rhythm of light flashes at high stimulation frequencies and led to a decrease in frequency of brain neuronal discharges. The authors concluded that the nature of the neurophysiological reactions is dependent upon the intensity of the radiation. The hippocampus and hypothalamus were identified as the brain structures with the greatest sensitivity."
  1027. This finding of hippocampal sensitivity (in particular dentate gyrus) continues and, like the Soviet researchers decades ago, has spurred modern researchers to look at why these regions are more reactive.
  1028.  
  1029. ----------Diabetes---------------
  1030.  
  1031. Mortazavi 2014 Electromagnetic Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from GSM Mobile Phones Decreases the Accuracy of Home Blood Glucose Monitors.
  1032. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25505778
  1033. Kleiber 2017 - Radiation from wireless technology elevates blood glucose and body temperature in 40-year-old type 1 diabetic male
  1034. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28524704
  1035. Havas 2006 - Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: biological effects of dirty electricity with emphasis on diabetes and multiple sclerosis.
  1036. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17178585
  1037.  
  1038. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1039.  
  1040. [m][Symposium, Warsaw] 1973 - Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation
  1041. Page 22: Gordon - MAIN DIRECTIONS AND RESULTS OF RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN THE USSR ON THE BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF MICROWAVES
  1042. "Studies on the influence of microwave irradiation of the range of 10 cm on catalase and cholinesterase activities in vitro using various conditions gave negative results. Attempts to demonstrate in vitro any direct influence of the field upon the enzyme molecules which would result in changes of enzymatic activity have failed. At the same time our in vivo investigations have shown that activity of a whole range of enzymes in the tissues of irradiated animals, including cholinesterase, changes markedly at intensities significantly lower (by at least one order of magnitude, down to 1 mW/ cm2) than those used in in vitro experiments. It was possible to show, by means of a simple method and taking as an example nonspecific serum cholinesterase, that changes in tissue activity of the enzyme following whole body irradiation result not from a direct action on molecular structures but from changes in enzyme concentration in the tissues, apparently related to disturbances in the neurohormonal regulation of metabolic processes."
  1043.  
  1044. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1045.  
  1046. MICROWAVE SICKNESS, "CLASSICAL" EFFECTS, AND EHS
  1047.  
  1048. ---------Microwave Sickness--------------
  1049.  
  1050. Hocking 2001 - Microwave Sickness: a reappraisal
  1051. https://academic.oup.com/occmed/article-pdf/51/1/66/9901711/66.pdf
  1052. "The main early report describing MWS [Microwave Sickness] was by Sadcikova of the Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, in 1974."
  1053. The syndrome is summarized and various subsequent papers are discussed.
  1054.  
  1055. [m][Symposium, Warsaw] 1973 - Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation
  1056. Page 261: Sadcikova - Clinical manifestations of reactions to microwave irradiation in various occupational groups
  1057. "Studies on the biological action of microwaves have been widely conducted in the USSR over the past 20 years. The investigations have been devoted mainly to hygienic, experimental, clinical and ecological aspects of the problem, Studies are being performed in the USA, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and in Western Europe. Results of our own clinical observations of many years, as well as literature data show that, as a consequence of prolonged work involving exposure to microwaves, changes take place ·in the functions of the nervous, cardiovascular and other systems of the organism leading to a characteristic complex of symptoms. A distinct form of occupational disease - microwave or radiowave sickness - has been identified as a nosologic entity.
  1058.  
  1059. However, up till now, numerous questions concerning the clinical course and pathogenesis of certain lesions have been insufficiently elucidated.
  1060.  
  1061. The present communication presents clinical observations on the health status in two groups of workers engaged in the regulation, tuning and testing of diverse radioequipment emitting radiation in the microwave range.
  1062.  
  1063. Both groups were comparable with respect to sex and age, but differed in intensity of exposure and duration of work. Young men with a long (5-15 years) history of employment with microwave sources predominated in both groups. Those in the first group (1000) were subject to the influence of a power density of up to a few mW / cm2. The second group (180) comprised people exposed to microwaves at lower intensities, which as a rule did not exceed several hundredths of a mW/cm2. More significant exposure could have taken place during extremely short periods.
  1064.  
  1065. Some nervous tension during work could not be excluded. A group of people (200), matched with respect to sex, age and character of work processes which did not involve exposure to microwaves, served as a control.
  1066. [...]
  1067. Inspection of Figure 1 shows that people of the first and second group significantly differed from the control in frequency of such complaints as heaviness in the head, tiredness, irritability, drowsiness during the day, anxiety and light sleep at night and partial loss of memory. In both groups attention was drawn to various autonomic vascular changes: inhibited or expressed dermographism, hyperhidrosis of the hands, instability of pulse and arterial pressure increasing during functional loading (orthoclinostatic test, Aschner's test, graded physical loading), tendency to bradycardia (pulse rate of up to 60 per min) and arterial hypotension (systolic pressure of up to 100 mm Hg) or hypertension (systolic pressure of more than 135 mm Hg) appearing against the background of normal arterial pressure and accompanied by narrowing of retinal arteries.
  1068.  
  1069. Functional thyroid changes with increase of its activity occurred not infrequently.
  1070. [...]
  1071. In a number of cases these changes in T deflection were combined with bradycardia and deceleration of intraventricular conduction which, taken together with complaints of heart pain and hypertensive reactions, led to their being taken for myocardial lesions or manifestations of coronary spasm.
  1072.  
  1073. We showed previously that the clinical picture of microwave sickness was characterized by a complex of various autonomic vascular disturbances with crises of cerebral and coronary vascular insufficiency and asthenic symptoms. We distinguished three stages in the development of the sickness according to criteria generally accepted by pathologists: initial (I), moderately advanced (II) and advanced (III) with the following main clinical syndromes: asthenic, astheno-autonomic with vascular dysfunction of hypertonic type, and hypothalamic (autonomic vascular form).
  1074.  
  1075. The asthenic syndrome occurred in the initial stages of the disease. It included mainly a complex of asthenic symptoms dominated by autonomic vascular changes with a vagotonic tendency.
  1076.  
  1077. The syndrome as a whole took a benign course.
  1078.  
  1079. The astheno-autonomic syndrome with vascular dysfunction of the hypertonic type was most frequent and occurred largely in moderately advanced and advanced stages of the disease.
  1080.  
  1081. In the clinical picture of a given syndrome, with the background of deepened asthenic phenomena, of primary importance were the autonomic disturbances related to increased excitability of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system as well as vascular instability with hypertensive and angiospastic reactions. The latter frequently determined the severity of the illness.
  1082.  
  1083. At a certain stage of development of autonomic vascular disturbances the hypothalamic syndrome (autonomic vascular form) appeared and was characterized by sudden crises, predominantly of a sympathico-adrenal character.
  1084.  
  1085. The astheno-autonomic and hypothalamic syndromes took a protracted course. In advanced stages of the disease the asthenic, emotional and autonomic vascular disturbances and crises became more pronounced. In a number of patients the clinical picture of ischaemic heart disease and hypertension developed; the latter was frequently of the cerebral type.
  1086.  
  1087. Angiospastic symptoms were confirmed by the results of rheographic examinations of brain hemodynamics which showed a lowered intensity of pulse blood flow and predominantly an increased tonus of intra- and extracranial vessels which was restored under the influence of the nitroglycerine test.
  1088.  
  1089. Data of mechanocardiographic investigations showed increased tension-relaxation changes of vessels of the muscular type and increased peripheral resistance. Similar changes in the cardiovascular system were observed by a number of investigators.
  1090.  
  1091. Electrocardiographic changes and abnormal findings in some biochemical tests correlated with the clinical observations.
  1092.  
  1093. * In the initial stages of the disease electroencephalograms of the patients disclosed changes in alpha activity, stable alpha rhythm or decreased amplitude of alpha waves. In moderately advanced and advanced stages, bilateral synchronous discharges of theta and delta-waves were found, and sometimes diffuse slow oscillations most clearly seen on hyperventilation, thus showing that subcortical structures were involved in the pathological process.
  1094.  
  1095. In the early period changes in protein composition took place, as evident from increase in total serum proteins, dysproteinemia and lowered albumin-globulin ratio.
  1096.  
  1097. * Changes in the sugar curve after glucose loading - flattening (1st type), so-called diabetic (2nd) type, sometimes of biphasic character - accompanied all clinical forms of the disease, but they predominated in neurocirculatory disturbances with crices.
  1098.  
  1099. Some increase in cholesterol level, lowered lecithin-cholesterol ratio and decrease in blood chlorides were seen. Some authors have reported dysproteinemia, dyselectrolytemia and changes in blood lipid levels.
  1100.  
  1101. In moderately advanced and advanced stages of the disease catecholamine excretion was changed and the epinephrine-norepinephrine ratio was lowered, although the content of these amines in daily urine collections was normal. A few patients during crises exhibited sharp fluctuations of epinephrine levels, as well as an unusual daily rhythm of norepinephrine, excretion, the latter characterized by increase in the evening and at night.
  1102.  
  1103. Certain abnormalities in glucocorticoid metabolism were found: the overall index was lowered and the ratios of discrete fractions were changed. Changes in catecholamine excretion and in metabolism of glucocorticoid hormones were more marked after epinephrine loading which led to development of clinical autonomic vascular reactions.
  1104.  
  1105. * The above investigations confirmed the clinical and electroencephalographic observations showing that deep, and particularly hypothalamic, structures of the brain were involved in pathological processes. Dysfunction of the hypothalamus, hypophysis and suprarenals, appearing against a background of asthenic phenomena, could be of importance in the pathogenetic mechanisms of development of the clinical symptoms of microwave sickness.
  1106.  
  1107. * Investigations (Tab. 1) of those patients suffering from microwave sickness of one to ten years' duration (3-6 years in the majority of cases) showed that, despite repeated therapeutic courses and temporary withdrawal from work with microwave sources, upon returning to previous work conditions symptoms increased in severity, particularly among patients with moderately advanced and advanced stages of the disease. In such patients autonomic vascular disturbances dominated, crises of cerebral and coronary insufficiency progressed and development of ischaemic heart disease and hypertension was observed.
  1108.  
  1109. * Cessation of work involving irradiation frequently resulted in stabilization of the processes, or even recovery, if withdrawal took place in the initial stage of the illness."
  1110.  
  1111. Page 22: Gordon - MAIN DIRECTIONS AND RESULTS OF RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN THE USSR ON THE BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF MICROWAVES
  1112. "We used an experimental model of intermittent irradiation based on actual regimes of irradiation accompanying production. We found that, according to a number of indicators (fluctuations in weight and blood pressure, electroencephalography and electromyography, neurosecretory activity of hypothalamic nuclei), intermittent exposure to irradiation results in more pronounced biologic effects than those of steady irradiation under conditions of equal strength and time parameters. One could hypothesize that intermittent exposure, is much more strenuous for the adaptation and compensation mechanisms owing to the frequent changes in the irradiation parameters.
  1113.  
  1114. Without dwelling upon the clinical direction of research, to which a separate paper by Dr. M. N. Sadcikova is devoted, we will only note that clinico-hygienic correlations made it possible to link the clinical indicators with intensity of microwave irradiation under industrial conditions. This unique material accumulated as a result of 20 years' observations made it possible to establish a very important fact, namely, that the biologic effects become more severe with increasing duration of work accompanied by irradiation of low intensities (less than l mW/cm2).
  1115.  
  1116. Before going into experimental research, it is necessary to define certain terms which are frequently treated ambiguously. These are thermal and non-thermal effects. Thermal effects are those biologic suquelae which are due to integral rise of temperature of the body and its separate parts during whole body or local irradiation.
  1117. Thermal effects are those biologic sequelae which are due to integral rise are the result of uneven heating of microstructures of a heterogeneous biologic tissue and may occur in the absence of the integral thermal effect. Finally, non-thermal or "extrathermal" effects are due to conversion of electromagnetic energy within an object into another form of non-thermal energy (molecular resonance absorption, photochemical reaction, etc.).
  1118.  
  1119. The present lack of adequate methods for separating nonthermal from thermoselective effects is the sole reason for their being put together under the provisional name of "non-thermal" effects.
  1120.  
  1121. The occurrence of pronounced biologic effects of microwaves of intensities which do not evoke the integral heat effect (less than 10 mW/cm2) has been convincingly shown independently by a number of Soviet and foreign authors. Although there are differences of opinion on the "non-thermal" or "microthermal" nature of the biologic effects of low levels of energy, there should be no doubt at present as to the actual existence of these effects.
  1122. [...]
  1123. However, irradiation that is lower in intensity by one order of magnitude (1 mW/cm2) is also significant from the medical point of view according to a number of indicators. Upon cessation of irradiation some of its sequelae may disappear but a prolonged action results in destructive, irreversible pathologic lesions. Attention is drawn to the fact that, as can be seen in Table 2, even at intensities that are extremely low by comparison with those considered above (e.g., 500-250 uW/cm2), certain biologic effects occur (bioelectric phenomena with resetting to a new level of activity of the brain systems, changes in immunobiologic resistance), including definite pathologic effects (reproductive functions).
  1124.  
  1125. "
  1126.  
  1127. [m][USSR] Glotova, Sadchikova 1970 - EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE IRRADIATION [Cardiovascular, Thyroid]
  1128. Glotova KV, Sadchikova MN - DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL COURSE OF CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO MICROWAVE IRRADIATION
  1129. "The results of experimental studies an~ clinical observations on the effect of low-intensity microwave irradiation in the one-centimeter range [ ~29.997 - 14.989 GHz] testify to the importance of neurologic changes, especially in the autonomic nervous system, along with hypotension and bradycardia. Reports have also been published on the possible development of hypertensive and angiospastic reactions.
  1130.  
  1131. Our purpose is to describe the nature, severity, and clinical course of the cardiovascular changes that follow chronic exposure to microwave irradiation. This information was derived from long-term clinical observations on 130 patients. The data pertain to 105 (90 males and 15 females) patients."
  1132. [...]
  1133. "Almost all the patients in group 1 presented complaints of headache, ready fatigability, and insomnia. Many of them (34%) experienced pains in the heart region, mostly of the fulgurant type without irradiation. Physical examination of the cardiovascular system revealed a fairly large number of persons with arterial hypotension"
  1134. [...]
  1135. "Increasing signs of asthenia were noted in the group 2 patients. All presented complaints of ready fatigability, especially when doing work involving tension or requiring attention and memory, irritability, headaches, often with nausea, vertigo, and noise in the autonomic reactions were unstable. Some 36% experienced autonomic-vascular crises: severe headaches, chills, tremor, syncope or brief unconsciousness, pallor or reddening of the face, constricting pain in the heart, sensation of labored breathing followed by great weakness."
  1136. [...]
  1137. "Bradycardia was much less common in the group 2 patients, an indication of pulse lability. Tachycardia was noted in 36% of the group 2 patients; it was persistent in 20% of the cases."
  1138. [...]
  1139. "Eleven patients were classified as having class 3 disability, 4 as having class 2 disability. All 26 stopped working with radiowaves and were kept under observation for 2 to 3 years longer. Subjective improvement was reported during this time. Arterial pressure return to normal in 7, the EKG indices in 5. Of 4 patients with class 2 disability, 3 were rehabilitated. In only 1 person who ceased working with radiowaves 1 1/2 years previously did the pathological symptoms progress. He remained disabled owing to dynamic impairment of the cerebral and coronary circulation.
  1140.  
  1141. Thus, long-term observations showed that the nature and intensity of the cardiovascular reactions to prolcnged exposure to microwaves are closely related to neurologic changes, especially those in the autonomic nervous system. They also vary with the individual. Some exhibit for a long time only mild asthenic symptoms with sinus bradycardia and arterial hypotension with no signs of general or regional hemodynamic disturbances. Other develop autonomic-vascular dysfunction, often with symptoms of hypothalamic insufficiency and angiospasm which sometimes impair the cerebral and coronal circulation."
  1142. D'yachenko NA - CHANGE IN THYROID FUNCTION AFTER CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO MICROWAVE IRRADIATION
  1143. "Among the disorders resulting from prolonged exposure to microwaves are functional changes in the endocrine system, especially in the thyroid gland. Therefore, it is of definite interest to elucidate the mechanism responsible for changes in thyroid function following prolonged exposure to microwaves and the nature of the resulting disturbances."
  1144.  
  1145. -38 subjects were given iodine-131 orally
  1146. -Thyroid uptake was measured 2,4, and 24 hours later
  1147. -Uptake was higher than average in 18 after 2 hours, 15 after 4 hours, 7 after 24 hours
  1148. -The rate and total uptake was increased in persons with asthenic and neurocirculatory syndromes
  1149.  
  1150. "None of the subjects exhibited symptoms or thyrotoxicosis. Basal metabolism ranged from -8 to +15%, i.e., it was within normal physiologic limits. It averaged only 9% above the expected value."
  1151.  
  1152. "Our data thrown some light on the pathogenesis of the functional disturbances of the thyroid in individuals exposed to microwaves over a long period of time. Numerous studies showed that microwaves in acting on organs and tissues impairs the correlations of the main nervous processes and diencephalic regulation. This is clinically manifested by different kinds of asthenia and autonomic-vascular dystonia. The endocrine system is known to be constantly controlled by the higher autonomic divisions of the central nervous system situated in the hypothalamic region. The functional changes in the central nervous system caused by microwave irradiation naturally affect the function of the endocrine glands. This seems to explain why thyroid activity increased in those with the asthenic-autonomic syndrome and neurocirculatory dystonia. Consequently, impairment of thyroid function was secondary and apparently one of the manifestations of the general adaptive reactions. Confirmation of this comes from the studies of I. R. Petrov and V. A. Pukhov who observed in animals exposed to microwaves an intensification of adrenocorticotropic function in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and an elevated level of blood glucocorticoid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. The nature of the changes and resistance to microwave irradiation were largely dependent on the typological peculiarities of the animals' nervous activity and functional state of their central nervous system. Inadequate internal inhibition or artificially induced excitation of the nervous system increased the animals' sensitivity to ultrahigh-frequency irradiation. Many investigators believe this is related to insufficiency of the adaptive reactions."
  1153.  
  1154. Microwave sickness in summary involves dysfunction of the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis, with often strong involvement of the thyroid. In the short term and early stages of the disease process, it is functionally reversible. With longer term exposure, some effects become irreversible. In the late stages, on cessation of exposure a few individuals will continue to worsen, many will stabilize, some will experience recovery. At lower power densities there's an initial stimulating effect, adaptive (homeostatic) mechanisms will try to stabilize the organism. With continued exposure there's a gradual exhaustion followed by a persistent depression of nervous function to below baseline. At higher power densities the depressive effect happens more quickly, or is immediate. This seems to correspond to a "vegetative" change in hypothalamic function, or is due to exhaustion of the thyroid and adrenals.
  1155.  
  1156. ------------Classical Effects------------
  1157. Korbel 1967 - Effects of low intensity UHF radio fields as a function of frequency
  1158. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03327872
  1159. Korbel 1971 - Aftereffects of low intensity UHF radiation
  1160. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03336001
  1161.  
  1162.  
  1163. ----------EHS----------------
  1164.  
  1165. Some earlier popular coverage by Time magazine.
  1166. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/man-who-was-allergic-radio-waves
  1167.  
  1168. The issue with term electrohypersensitivity is that while a given condition may be due to an increased sensitivity, it may also be due to a gradual exhaustion and then failure of adaptive and compensatory mechanisms. There are separate, overlapping, causal lines which can be separated into three primary components:
  1169. -Inherent sensitivity of the system to an action upon it, when in a given state (transduction)
  1170. -Biological amplification (response, downstream signaling, "processing")
  1171. -Biological adaptation and damping (homeostasis)
  1172.  
  1173. The name has an embedded assertion which gives the false impression that "some people are just more sensitive" and therefore they alone will suffer negative effects. That's not the case. Studies done on cells in culture, comparing response of people diagnosed EHS and controls found by nearly all tested metrics they responded the same way. Studies done in vivo with humans who didn't report EHS showed DNA damage after mobile phone exposure. (See DNA Damage above, esp Belayev) This means EHS is a higher, system level failure, and degree of sensitivity is a product of tissue organization, total toxic load, a sensitization process, and other individual or genetic factors. Everyone is accumulating damage in the background, some will have just more overt and crippling subjective symptoms while it happens.
  1174.  
  1175. Going forward it seems sensible that EHS should either be merged into the more general radiofrequency sickness, or they should each be considered as subsets under a broader clinical umbrella.
  1176.  
  1177. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1178.  
  1179. Key events / place?
  1180.  
  1181. UCLA Brain Research Institute and Loma Linda
  1182.  
  1183. Page 41: Medici WG, Sagan PM - BEHAVIORAL PROTOCOLS AND PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS OF CHICKS EXPOSED TO WEAK AMPLITUDE MODULATED 450 MHz FIELDS
  1184. "These observational studies raise the question of whether they represent merely isolated peculiarities of nature or whether they point towards some fundamental property of nervous systems that extends throughout the animal kingdom, including man.
  1185.  
  1186. In 1969 we began a long series of studies, Gavalas, Walter, Hamer and Adey, Gavalas Medici and Day-Magdaleno, aimed at exploring the possible effects of weak ELF fields on behavior of monkeys in the laboratory. It seemed obvious, at the outset, that low frequency fields at levels of 1-100 V/m p-p, were not likely to produce dramatic, sudden onset, behavioral changes. (Fields at those levels are routinely encountered in the home around 60 Hz devices.) It was taken as a challenge to find a (1) highly sensitive but reliable behavioral assay that could, in principal, (2) detect thresholds and would allow (3) long exposure durations."
  1187. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1188.  
  1189. Legal and history:
  1190.  
  1191. Federal preemption of local control. FCC guidelines are set up as a key control structure chokepoint.
  1192. 1996 Telecommunications act, section 704 subsection II clause iv.
  1193. "No State or local government or instrumentality thereof may regulate the placement, construction, and modification of personal wireless service facilities on the basis of the environmental effects of radio frequency emissions to the extent that such facilities comply with the Commission's regulations concerning such emissions."
  1194. https://transition.fcc.gov/Reports/tcom1996.pdf
  1195.  
  1196. Now it's the streamline small cell deployment act. Contains the same language in sec 7B, iv. Additional legal faculty for approvals and denials, definition of what may legally constitute aesthetic concerns.
  1197. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/3157/text
  1198.  
  1199. But apparently that was taking too long.
  1200. https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-facilitates-wireless-infrastructure-deployment-5g
  1201. https://www.govtech.com/policy/FCC-Ruling-Strips-Small-Cell-Local-Control-Mechanisms.html
  1202.  
  1203. Standards:
  1204. Overview of ELF and RF exposure safety standards in various countries. The USSR had the first standard of 10uW/cm2 for occupational exposure during a workday, 1958. Poland and Czechoslovakia followed with similar standards. the US later followed with a thermal-based guideline of 10mW/cm2, time averaged over 6 minutes. A difference of at least 1000x. This received a lot of attention. Later symposiums like the one held in Warsaw sponsored by WHO, Poland, and the US, bridged some of the eastern and western observations. Soviet researchers described the syndrome they called "microwave sickness", other aspects were discussed.
  1205. [m][Rome Labs] Bolen 1988 - RADIOFREQUECY MICROWAVE RADIATION BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND SAFETY STANDARDS A REVIEW
  1206.  
  1207. Under the WHO a program including replication of the studies used as a basis for the Soviet standard was undertaken, using modern methods. The RNCNIRP provided its report in 2008, corroborating previous results.
  1208. CHILDREN AND MOBILE PHONES: THE HEALTH OF THE FOLLOWING GENERATIONS IS IN DANGER:
  1209. "According to the opinion of the Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, the following health hazards are likely to be faced by the children mobile phone users in the nearest future: disruption of memory, decline of attention, diminishing learning and cognitive abilities, increased irritability, sleep problems, increase in sensitivity to the stress, increased epileptic readiness.
  1210.  
  1211. Expected (possible) remote health risks: brain tumors, tumors of acoustical and vestibular nerves (in the age of 25-30 years), Alzheimer’s disease, “got dementia”, depressive syndrome, and the other types of degeneration of the nervous structures of the brain (in the age of 50 to 60)."
  1212. https://www.who.int/peh-emf/project/mapnatreps/RUSSIA%20report%202008.pdf
  1213.  
  1214.  
  1215. Modern day China and other Asian countries have only slightly stricter standards than Russia. Use of low intensity pulsed microwaves is seemingly common in their biological research when the intent is to induce DNA damage or oxidative stress in an animal (eg in testing protective activity of traditional herbs), as well as to induce diabetes. Pregnant women often wear RF reflecting clothing, though Western and USSR research indicated various difficulties in wearable (eg clothing, meshes) protection for general purpose use. In some exposure scenarios they can actually be a net detriment, and that's in industrial and military contexts. Say nothing of general purpose use in modern civilian environments. Indicates a difference in cultural consciousness, regardless.
  1216.  
  1217. Where we are:
  1218. https://www.investigate-europe.eu/publications/how-much-is-safe/
  1219.  
  1220. -FCC, Tom Wheeler and others
  1221. http://ethics.harvard.edu/files/center-for-ethics/files/capturedagency_alster.pdf
  1222.  
  1223. WHO:
  1224. -WHO doesn't expose itself and its RF working group is industry affiliated
  1225. Hardell 2018 - World Health Organization, radiofrequency radiation and health - a hard nut to crack (Review)
  1226. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5504984/
  1227. "It turned out that five of the six members of the Core Group in charge of the draft are affiliated with International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), an industry loyal NGO, and thus have a serious conflict of interest. Just as by ICNIRP, evaluation of non-thermal biological effects from RF radiation are dismissed as scientific evidence of adverse health effects in the Monograph. This has provoked many comments sent to the WHO. However, at a meeting on March 3, 2017 at the WHO Geneva office it was stated that the WHO has no intention to change the Core Group.
  1228. [...]
  1229. Almost all RF radiation was below 30 µW/m2, the LOEL of RF radiation for possible health risks as shown with the horizontal line. The highest peak level, 432.3 µW/m2, was measured at 15:54:07. Most contribution was from GSM 1800 (DL), 268.2 µW/m2, and UMTS 2100 (DL), 110.4 µW/m2. This was measured just inside the building at the entrance and represent RF radiation from base stations in the vicinity."
  1230. -WHO composition, structure, affiliations over time.
  1231. https://microwavenews.com/docs/WHOWatch.pdf
  1232. https://microwavenews.com/news/case-emf-precautionary-policies
  1233. https://microwavenews.com/news-tags/who
  1234. -Michael Repacholi
  1235. Founder of ICNIRP, the NGO whose guidelines most of the West have adopted.
  1236. https://www.icnirp.org/en/about-icnirp/emeritus-members/index.html
  1237. https://microwavenews.com/november-17-2006
  1238. https://microwavenews.com/CT.html
  1239. https://microwavenews.com/news-tags/michael-repacholi
  1240.  
  1241. Overall the direction of WHO's position has remained the same since the 1981 EHC. Citing mostly continuous wave exposure and short term studies in many sections, key data has been omitted. Effects of modulation, athermal effects, and polarization are acknowledged shortly but dismissed as non-evaluatable, despite being the most relevant aspect for exposures of the general population. Modern data has only further confirmed most of the observations which began in now 70 year old animal and human occupational studies.
  1242. [m][Warsaw Symposium] 1973 - Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation
  1243. (Sponsored by WHO)
  1244. [m][WHO] 1981 - Environmental Health Criteria 16 - RADIOFREQUENCY AND MICROWAVES
  1245. (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39107)
  1246. [m][WHO] 1984 - Environmental Health Criteria 35 - EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY (ELF) FIELDS
  1247. (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39376)
  1248. WHO 1993 - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 137: ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (300 HZ TO 300 GHZ)
  1249. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc137.htm
  1250. [m][WHO] 2006 - Environmental Health Criteria 232 - STATIC FIELDS
  1251. (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43353)
  1252. [m][WHO] 2007 - Environmental Health Criteria 238 - EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY FIELDS
  1253. (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43646)
  1254.  
  1255.  
  1256. How we got here:
  1257. Starting in the late 1800's there were attempts at medical use. There was action against magnetic healing, "energy medicine", etc by the forming medical-chemical complex of the 1920's in the US, partly via control of funding during the depression, and other factors. Particularly the AMA and the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Electromedicine actually started with people like Tesla and d'Arsonval. Its relationship to research in this period is variable, and somewhat complex.
  1258.  
  1259. Later, shifting funding and focuses. Initial medical interest in fever therapy, microwave diathermy, treatment of nerve pain and psychiatric disorders (as shortwave or condenser therapy), and cancer treatment. Later focus polarized to hazards of radar.
  1260. [m]Cook 1980 - Early Research on the Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation 1940-1960
  1261. [m][Ford] Bergman 1965 - The Effect of Micro Waves on The Central Nervous System
  1262. There is a contrast with the Russian and Eastern European view that EMFs (and their "information" content) could be viewed as drugs, and goes back to the origins of "biophotons" and "mitogenic radiation" / biophotonics with the observation by Alexander Gurwitsch that cells emit highly coherent bursts of UV and IR, which affect other cells. Kirlian photography, ESP research, proximity to both Asia and Europe, and other historical aspects probably relate. Millimeter wave and magnetic field therapies are still used in Eastern Europe, selectively and deliberately as a treatment modality, with some active R&D. Papers are being published on certain devices, but I don't know how widely they're used. Magnetic therapies were developed in ancient China with the discovery of lodestone.
  1263.  
  1264. US Military, Industry, Cold War, NATO. It was desireable to have radar installations placed without concerning the local population.
  1265. -Allan Frey (Microwave auditory effect, BBB permeability research)
  1266. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/opinion-cell-phone-health-risk-40449
  1267. https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/11/08/safety-cell-phone-radiation
  1268. -Adey (NASA, DARPA's Project Pandora (launched in response to the "Moscow Signal", itself possibly launched with US refusal to sign a treaty on electromagnetic weapons), UCLA's Brain Research Institute, major figure in neuroscience and bioelectromagnetics 50's - 2004)
  1269. [m] Adey 2002 - Re NASNRC PAVE PAWS Committee Meeting, Woods Hole, Sept 9, 2002
  1270. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/darpa-radiobio
  1271. -Milton Zaret (Microwave cataract research)
  1272. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/milton-zaret-early-prophet-microwave-hazards-dies-91
  1273.  
  1274. -Cold War considerations.
  1275. [m][DIA] Adams 1976 - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) EURASIAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
  1276. "If the more·advanced nations of the West are strict in the enforcement of stringent exposure standards, there could be unfavorable effects on industrial output and military functions. The Eurasian Communist countries cou1d, on the other hand, give 1ip service to strict standards, but allow their military to operate without restriction and thereby gain the advantage in electronic warfare techniques and the development of antipersonnel applications.
  1277.  
  1278. The potential for the development of a number of antipersonnel applications is suggested by the research published in the USSR, East Europe, and the West. Sounds and possibly even words which appear to be originating intracranially can be induced by signal modulation at very low average power densities.
  1279.  
  1280. Combinations of frequencies and other signal characteristics to produce other neurological effects may be feasible in several years. The possibility of inducing metabolic diseases is also suggested. Animal experiments reported in the open literature have demonstrated the use of low-level microwave signals to produce death by heart seizure or by neurological pathologies resulting from breaching of the blood-brain barrier."
  1281.  
  1282. There is some indication that the capabilities attributed to the USSR were actually an obfuscation of our own, much of which having been either developed or replicated by Allan Frey and others.
  1283. [m]Frey 1971 - Biological Function as Influenced by Low Power Modulated RF Energy
  1284. (https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/716044.pdf)
  1285.  
  1286. -Power frequency fields. Electric utilities, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).
  1287. -Industrial interests merging with scientific and regulatory apparatuses.
  1288. https://microwavenews.com/news/case-emf-precautionary-policies
  1289. https://microwavenews.com/news-tags/epri
  1290.  
  1291. -Telecom tactics over time
  1292. The Lai-Singh "Wargaming" Memo.
  1293. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/singh-comet-assay-radiation-research
  1294. Microwave News, January/February 1997. Page 13:
  1295. https://microwavenews.com/news/backissues/j-f97issue.pdf
  1296. In reference to:
  1297. Lai 1995 - Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells.
  1298. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7677797
  1299. Lai 1994 - Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat.
  1300. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8024608
  1301.  
  1302. Contracting with Philip Morris and other PR firms. (General structure and methods haven't changed much since second-hand smoke)
  1303. Ong 2001 - Constructing “Sound Science” and “Good Epidemiology”: Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms
  1304. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446868/
  1305.  
  1306. Journal infiltration
  1307. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/bems-industry-sponsors
  1308.  
  1309. It appears industry is now trying to stall until at least 2020 while it deploys 5G and other infrastructure.
  1310. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/iarc-urged-reassess-rf
  1311.  
  1312. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1313.  
  1314. Additional resources, databases, and history:
  1315. [m]_Index.txt
  1316. This contains ~1600 papers sorted as Author Year - Title. A future version may be categorized and sorted in some other way, but just searching for keywords (eg ctrl+f) in titles works well. I've had the same difficulty in useful categorization that others had. I had some ideas about a database with ability to rapidly visualize, as connected nodes, relationships between data, eg funding, primary author, co-authors, how an author's place of work or collaborations changes over time, results relative to different labs, exposure apparatus and methodology, frequency and power density, etc. EMF-Portal does this and has undertaken the massive endeavor to catologue many of these parameters, but not quite to the extent necessary.
  1317.  
  1318. Summaries, history, news:
  1319. https://microwavenews.com/
  1320. https://ehtrust.org/
  1321. https://bioinitiative.org/
  1322. [m][BioInitiative] 2014 - BioInitiative Report
  1323. I've added full section bookmarks to my version so the structure of the document can be viewed as a glance at any time.
  1324. https://www.saferemr.com/
  1325.  
  1326. Databases:
  1327. https://www.powerwatch.org.uk/science/studies.asp (Contains 15,000+)
  1328. http://www.justproveit.net/studies
  1329. https://www.emf-portal.org/en
  1330. https://www.orsaa.org/orsaa-database.html
  1331. http://ieee-emf.com/index.cfm
  1332.  
  1333. The DTIC, CIA, NASA, etc archives.
  1334. https://discover.dtic.mil/
  1335. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/
  1336. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/
  1337. The DTIC is missing certain items. Archive.org has mirrored their site, it is more complete for now.
  1338. https://archive.org/details/dticarchive
  1339.  
  1340. http://www.pdfsearchengine.net/
  1341.  
  1342. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1343.  
  1344. https://magdahavas.com/beware-of-the-modem-that-comes-with-bell-fibre-optics-open-letter-to-bell/
  1345.  
  1346.  
  1347. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1348.  
  1349. Medical use:
  1350. [m]Cook 1980 - Early Research on the Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation 1940-1960
  1351. Microwave diathermy, elimination of tumors in plants and animals, PEMF therapy for accelerated bone healing and non-union fractures.
  1352. [m][Symposium, New York Academy of Medicine] 1979 - SYMPOSIUM ON HEALTH ASPECTS OF NONIONIZING RADIATION
  1353. Page 1152 (189): Susskind - THE "STORY" OF NONIONIZING RADIATION RESEARCH
  1354. D'Arsonval and Tesla in the late 1800's. Various applications up to the 1940's.
  1355.  
  1356.  
  1357. Shortwave therapy, treatment of nerve pain, schizophrenia, bipolar
  1358. [m][Ford] Bergman 1965 - The Effect of Micro Waves on The Central Nervous System
  1359.  
  1360. Soviet authors pursued millimeter wave band radiation for "functional control of biological systems".
  1361. [m][Moscow Symposium] 1998 - Electromagnetic fields biological effects and hygienic standardization
  1362. Various sections, Russian and Eastern European medical use.
  1363. [m][CIA] 1977 - TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES (GUO 12 77) EFFECTS ON NONIONIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
  1364. Page 24: SHF (centimeter) fields used selectively for medical treatments, but also able to "poison".
  1365.  
  1366. Usichenko 2006 - Low-Intensity Electromagnetic Millimeter Waves for Pain Therapy
  1367. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475937/
  1368.  
  1369. Imaging:
  1370. Fear 2005 - Microwave imaging of the breast.
  1371. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15649090
  1372.  
  1373.  
  1374. -ELF therapy
  1375. Treatment of spinal nerve and brain damage. Tissue repair. Some interactions with amyloid plaques in Alzheimers, reduction and increase.
  1376. -PEMF Therapy
  1377. Accelerated healing of nonunion fractures.
  1378. -Microwave diathermy
  1379. Possible cause of ALS in athletes. Built off fever therapy.
  1380. -Psychiatric treatment
  1381. Shortwave / condenser therapy for schizophrenia and bipolar. Direction of effect depended on power density.
  1382. -Nerve pain
  1383. Shortwave therapy.
  1384. -Cancer
  1385. Dates back to at least the 1920's. 1924, Gosset et al of France reported athermal destruction of tumors in plants. The same year Schereschewsky of Harvard publishes on destruction of tumors in rats "without bulk heating". Royal Rife was doing the same in the 1930's, and is probably the best documented (and slandered) of all of them. Is finally having a resurgence with Novocure (somewhat, a foot in the door may be what counts).
  1386.  
  1387. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1388.  
  1389. Smart Meters:
  1390.  
  1391. https://ehtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/testimony-of-dr-david-carpenter-with-exhibits.pdf
  1392.  
  1393. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1394.  
  1395. Dirty Electricity:
  1396.  
  1397. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1398.  
  1399. Power Frequency Fields:
  1400.  
  1401. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/industry-funding-sways-emf-results
  1402.  
  1403. -High voltage power lines
  1404. Angelillo and Villari 1999 - Residential exposure to electromagnetic fields and childhood leukaemia : a meta-analysis
  1405. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/56784
  1406.  
  1407. -Dirty Electricity and Smart Meters
  1408. Samuel Milham
  1409.  
  1410. Take Back Your Power
  1411. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZTiT9ZSg3Q
  1412.  
  1413. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1414.  
  1415. History of electromagnetic weapons
  1416.  
  1417. Zbigniew Brzezinski - Between Two Ages, 1970 (https://archive.org/details/pdfy-z5FBdAnrFME2m1U4/mode/2up)
  1418. "In addition, it may be possible — and tempting — to exploit for strategic-political purposes the fruits of research on the brain and on human behavior. Gordon J. F. MacDonald, a geophysicist specializing in problems of warfare, has written that accurately timed, artificially excited electronic strokes "could lead to a pattern of oscillations that produce relatively high power levels over certain regions of the earth. ... In this way, one could develop a system that would seriously impair the brain performance of very large populations in selected regions over an extended period. ... No matter how deeply disturbing the thought of using the environment to manipulate behavior for national advantages to some, the technology permitting such use will very probably develop within the next few decades.""
  1419.  
  1420. Zbigniew Brzezinski, 2008:
  1421. "For the first time in human history, for the first time in all of human history, almost all of mankind is politically awake. And these new, and old, major powers face still yet another novel reality, in some respects unprecedented. And it is that while the lethality, the lethality of their power is greater than ever, their capacity to impose control over the politically awakened masses of the world, is at a historical low.
  1422.  
  1423. I once put it rather pungently, and I was flattered that the British secretary repeated this, as follows: Namely in earlier times it was easier to control a million people, literally, it was easier to control a million people, than physically, to kill a million people. Today it is infinitely easier to kill a million people than to control a million people. It is easier to kill than to control."
  1424. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GO2U9jJoWsM
  1425.  
  1426. ---World War 2
  1427. Ku-Go
  1428. The Japanese sought to create Tesla's "Death Ray", but ultimately settled on a high intensity microwave weapon.
  1429. https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/ku-go-japans-top-secret-weapon.html
  1430.  
  1431. Germany's work in early radar and RF communication is well documented particularly for the purpose of broadcasting the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. Biological research of various kinds had been undertaken at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute long before this. It's often stated that microwave weapons were used first as a hidden emitter mounted under a desk where people would be called in and sat down for some cover business, then their genitals covertly irradiated (often asserted to be x-rays). And later, either to weaken and sterilize in the camps, or as microwave delousing for clothing. So far this is hard to primary source and the entire WW2 period is essentially a blank spot in the literature, afterward when things resumed it was as though most had forgotten the bulk of what was known. Through operation Paperclip the US likely gained a lot of what they developed, and set them up as heads of various agencies (notably Von Braun at NASA). The Soviets had their own version of paperclip, but just interrogated, and then sent them back.
  1432.  
  1433. From "The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life" by Robert O. Becker and Gary Selden, 1985 : Page 315
  1434. "The Soviet standards were set well before the dangers were this clear, however. The comparison is instructive. At a 1969 international symposium on microwaves in Richmond, Virginia, Dr. Karel Marha of Prague's Institute of Industrial Hygiene defended his findings on birth defects and recommended that the Eastern European standard be adopted in the West. Replying to objections that the dire predictions hadn't been proven beyond doubt, he said: "Our standard is not only to prevent damage but to avoid discomfort in people."
  1435.  
  1436. Apparently this concern doesn't include Americans, for the Soviets have been bombarding our embassy in Moscow with microwaves for some thirty years. In 1952, at the height of the Cold War, there was a secret meeting at the Sandia Corporation in New Mexico between U.S. and U.S.S.R. scientists, allegedly to exchange information on biological hazards and safety levels. It seems the exchange wasn't completely reciprocal, or perhaps the Americans didn't take seriously what the Russians told them; there have been other joint "workshops" since then, and each time the Soviets have sent people who publicly acknowledged the risks, while the American delegates have always been "no-effect" men. At any rate, soon after the Sandia meeting, the Soviets began beaming microwaves at the U.S. embassy from across Tchaikovsky Street, always staying well within the Schwan limit. In effect, they've been using embassy employees as test subjects for low-level EMR experiments.
  1437.  
  1438. The strange thing is that Washington has gone along with it. The "Moscow Signal" was apparently first discovered about 1962, when the CIA is known to have sought consultation about it. The agency asked Milton Zaret for information about microwave dangers in that year, and then hired him in 1965 for advice and research in a secret evaluation of the signal, called Project Pandora. Nothing was publicly revealed until 1972, when Jack Anderson broke the story, and the U.S. government told its citizens nothing until 1976, in response to further news stories in the Boston Globe. According to various sources, the Russians shut off their transmitter in 1978 or 1979, but then resumed the irradiation for several months in 1983."
  1439.  
  1440. I would recommend this book and the chapter "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" in particular for a lot of history, which is now becoming more relevant than ever.
  1441.  
  1442. ---TRI-SERVICE COMMISSION ERA
  1443. [m]Cook 1980 - Early Research on the Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation 1940-1960
  1444. "The overall results of this research effort, although quite extensive in detail, can be summarized in general terms fairly briefly. The directive that the research teams were given was to expose given species of animals to given microwave frequencies and to describe and account for in as much detail as possible the effects that were seen. To insure that effects were seen, the majority of experiments were conducted as power levels well in excess of the known point at which injuries occurred (above 100mw/cm2). They were also conducted for relatively short exposure times. The typical experiment conducted under the Tri-Service program was one employing short-duration, high-dose radiation. 90 Under these conditions, effects were seen and described in some detail, thus meeting a portion of the initial objective. Moreover, since the dose levels were in most cases well above the capacities of the animals in question to deal with the increased energy being absorbed, the effects seen were invariably thermal, which is hardly surprising. In comparison with the thermal effects, any nonthermal effects that might have resulted were so insignificant that they would have been masked by the obvious thermal effects. Then, as one final consequence of this research procedure, since the exposure times employed were of relatively short duration (a few minutes over a few weeks or months as compared to actual field conditions which can expose workers for eight hours or more a day for many years), when the dose levels were decreased the effects that had been seen at higher dose levels no longer appeared, This usually happened at or slightly below 100mw/cm2 . As a consequence, based on the research plan adopted by the TriService program, most of the data collected were consistent with the current notion that all effects were thermal in nature and insignificant at or below 100mw/cm2. It should be pointed out that even today there is no agreement on whether there are nonthermal effects or even whether the distinction between thermal and nonthermal is a meaningful one."
  1445. [m][Tri-Service] 1957 - PROCEEDINGS OF TRI-SERVICE CONFERENCE ON BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION, 15-16 JULY 1957 (DTIC AD0115603)
  1446. [m][Tri-Service] 1958 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND TRI-SERVICE CONFERENCE ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE ENERGY, 8,9,10 July 1958 (DTIC AD0131477)
  1447. [m][Tri-Service] 1959 - PROCEEDINGS OF THIRD ANNUAL TRI-SERVICE CONFERENCE ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATING EQUIPMENTS 25,26,27 AUGUST 1959 (DTIC AD0234788)
  1448. [m][Tri-Service] 1960 - FOURTH ANNUAL TRI-SERVICE CONFERENCE ON THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION (DTIC AD0244867)
  1449.  
  1450.  
  1451. ---MOSCOW SIGNAL
  1452. From "The Microwave Debate" by Nicholas Steneck, 1984 : Page 92
  1453. "This is an issue that involves some rather sensitive intelligence matters and, therefore, we have been reluctant to discuss it publicly while we are attempting to safeguard the health of our employees-a matter which we have substantially done-and while we are trying to negotiate a solution to this difficulty. If these negotiations should prove impossible to conclude, we will then of course have to be more explicit in our explanations. But while these negotiations are going on, I would prefer not to go further than to say ... that our principal concern is the health and safety of our employees."
  1454. -Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, on the Moscow embassy crisis, March 6, 1976
  1455. "With the termination of the Tri-Service Program the pace of RF bioeffects research in the United States declined. Some research did continue after the program ended, primarily under navy sponsorship; papers were published on potential hazards; and ANSI's standard committee drew up RF exposure guidelines by late 1966. But compared to events of the late 1950s the level of public activity declined noticeably in the 1960s. With the standards problem apparently solved, there was no urgency for continuing high-level support for RF bioeffects research. Behind this quiet facade, however, a new concern was growing as a result of the discovery that a beam of low-intensity microwave radiation was directed at the U.S. embassy in Moscow.
  1456.  
  1457. The origins of radiation problems in Moscow go back to 1952 when the U.S. embassy was moved from a site near the Kremlin to a newly renovated apartment building several miles away. Shortly after the move routine radiation checks turned up unexpected readings. One sweep made in advance of VicePresident Richard Nixon's trip to the Soviet Union in 195993 The Moscow Embassy Crisis discovered high ionizing radiation levels in sections of the ambassador's apartments, including one of the rooms where Nixon was scheduled to sleep. Similar checks for nonionizing radiation conducted as early as 1953 detected the presence of a microwave signal apparently beamed at the embassy from a nearby building.
  1458.  
  1459. The Moscow signal, as it came to be known, at first did not appear on a regular enough basis to cause concern. But over time it became more constant. The State Department responded to this situation by shipping electronic equipment to Moscow to monitor the signal. The figures on power, frequency, and modulation collected during the early 1960s left little doubt that the Moscow signal was a carefully manufactured beam of radiation aimed at the embassy and its personnel. This much was obvious. What was not obvious was the reason the Soviets were beaming the signal. To find out, the State Department, with the help of the military, initiated a new and classified research project on low-level RF bioeffects."
  1460.  
  1461. That project would be named Pandora.
  1462.  
  1463. Wikileaks published various cables from the Moscow signal era.
  1464. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1976STATE166451_b.html
  1465. https://search.wikileaks.org/?q=Moscow+Signal
  1466. Jack Anderson
  1467. TODO
  1468.  
  1469. ---PROJECT PANDORA, PROJECT BIZARRE
  1470. DARPA Project Plan 562, Codenamed "Pandora"
  1471. [m][DoD] 1965 - Project Pandora
  1472. Page 103:
  1473. "THE TERM PROJECT BIZARRE IS NOT A SEPARATE PROJECT, BUT WAS A CODE NAME FOR A SPECIAL ACCESS CATEGORY WITHIN THE PANDORA PROJECT"
  1474.  
  1475. Page 7-8:
  1476. May 13th, 1965
  1477. "MEMORANDUM FOR DR. BROWN, DR. FUBINI
  1478. SUBJECT: ARPA and Moscow Embassy Radiation
  1479.  
  1480. In the advanced sensor program, ARPA is entertaining proposals to investigate possible clinical effects, primarily neurological, of continuous microwave radiation with either CW or pulsed wave forms.
  1481.  
  1482. The CIA and a special USIB Subcommittee have become interested in this problem for the following reason. The radiation intensity on our Moscow Embassy exceeds, by a factor of about 100, the safety level specified in Soviet microwave specification standards. These Soviet standards are considerably more stringent than ours. Specifically, the Soviet standards are: to not exceed 10 microwatts continuously and, in no case, to exceed l milliwatt for even very short periods of time.
  1483.  
  1484. I understand that the average radiation intensity inside the windows of our Moscow Embassy is on the order of l milliwatt. Consequently, a considerable amount of interest has been generated by the CIA and by the USIB in reviewing existing data in this field, which is very scanty at these radiation levels, even though the possibility that the radiation is intended to produce neurological effects on embassy personnel is probably relatively low. On the other hand, since we have no real idea of what the radiation is intended for, it has been the feeling, in the USIB and the CIA, that this possibility should not go unexplored. Unfortunately, there is some past unsavory history of experiments of this kind in this country which has made a number of people rather leery of further experiments in this field, and which has resulted in the setting of standards of safety which are approximately 1,000 times looser in this country than in the Soviet Union, with our standards being set primarily by thermal damage thresholds. Effort has been going on by the Director of Clinical Research, Neurology, in NIH on lower level radiation to see if neurological effects can be detected but, even in this case, the effort has not been apparently officially sanctioned as a NIH project because of the circumstances noted earlier.
  1485.  
  1486. ARPA now has some proposals to conduct meaningful experiments in this range in which the intent would ultimately be to experiment not only with the average intensity of the Moscow radiation but also with a close simulation of the wave forms used. However, there seems to be some internal resistance in ARPA to the suggestion that ARPA proceed with these experiments, probably because there is a feeling that at one time it certainly attracted a number of crack pots. The proposal which makes considerable sense now is a proposal to use Air Force primates as subjects in a carefully controlled series of experiments, with the intent being to detect neurological or synergistic effects. My feeling is that we should carry through these experiments, if these can be accomplished at reasonable cost, because of the following considerations:
  1487.  
  1488. a. There is definite USIB and CIA interest in this proposition, and I believe that a USIB recommendation that such research be carried on can, or will, be generated.
  1489. b. The existing U.S. experience in this particular energy range does not seem to be very satisfactory in quality of research.
  1490. c. The pragmatic fact ·exists that the Soviet Union is irradiating our embassy in Moscow with radiation which exceeds by a factor of 100 their own safety standards, and which would give us a lever for protest if we wished.
  1491. d. Unless, and until, other explanations are found for the purposes of the Embassy radiation, this should not be left an unexplored possibility.
  1492.  
  1493. For these reasons, I believe that ARPA should be encouraged to do this research as part of the advanced sensor program under the assumption that a reasonably contained, high quality, and not unduly expensive program can be formulated, I do not think that the past history of this particular subject, which apparently makes many people suspicious about the scientific content of such experiments, should be allowed to impede a sound research program in this area, for the reasons mentioned earlier.
  1494.  
  1495. B. W. Augenstein"
  1496.  
  1497. Page 10-11:
  1498. "SUBJECT: Justification Memorandum for Project PANDORA
  1499. The purpose of this memorandum is to explain some of the background requirements and justification for the ARPA Program Plan 562 relating to Project PANDORA.
  1500.  
  1501. Background. For several years it has been noted that the American Embassy in Moscow has been radiated with low level electromagnetic signals on a more or less continuous basis. These emitting signals, in the "S" and "L" band spectrum, have been of complex modulation with seemingly random variations.
  1502.  
  1503. The White House has directed through USIB that intensive investigative research be conducted within the State Department, CIA and DOD to attempt to determine what the actual threat is and stop it. The National program has been coordinated by the State Department under code name project "TUMS," ARPA is represented and has been requested to initiate a selective portion of the overall program concerned with one of the potential threats, that of radiation effects on man.
  1504.  
  1505. Discussion. A program has been outlined to irradiate a group of primates under carefully controlled conditions simulating the dosages and complex modulation of the threat. This effort is known as Project PANDORA. The trained primates will be carefully observed under varying and controlled irradiated conditions in an attempt to determine if any changes in their behavior or physiological condition can be detected. This effort will be carried out on behalf of ARPA by the following organizations.
  1506.  
  1507. 1. The Air Force will select, procure, and monitor the electromagnetic generating equipment and control the environment thus produced. An initial study of equipment was made under ARPA Order #757. They will integrate above resources into a system and provide an aerospace medical doctor to assist the other medical team members in the test program.
  1508.  
  1509. 2. The Applied Physics Laboratory will provide scientific consulting services and technical assistance in the design and fabrication of the laboratory, its electromagnetic environment and test facilities pertaining thereto.
  1510.  
  1511. 3. The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research will provide laboratory quarters, primates, biological monitoring and data reduction capabilities.
  1512.  
  1513. 4. In addition, Mr. Mark Groves, of the Wright Patterson Avionics Laboratory will act as ARPA monitor and coordinator for this project. Additionally, other consultants which will be utilized include Drs. Nat Baldwin, NIH; Ross Adey, UCLA; Milton Zaret, Zaret Foundation; J. Johnson, CIA; and H. Pollack, IDA.
  1514.  
  1515. Recommended Action. It is recommended that ARPA initiate the required ARPA Orders as covered in the Program Plan attached. This memorandum, being of a sensitive nature, will be retained in the Office of Advanced Sensors and act as justification in depth for above referenced future Program Plan and ARPA Order."
  1516.  
  1517. Page 99:
  1518. "MEMORANDUM FOR THE DIRECTOR, ARPA
  1519.  
  1520. SUBJECT: Project PANDORA - Initial Test Results
  1521.  
  1522. I. BACKGROUND
  1523. In excess of five years, the American Embassy in Moscow has been radiated with low level electromagnetic Signals (the Moscow Signal) on a more or less continuous basis, These signals, in the "S" and "L" band spectrum, have been of complex modulation with seemingly random variations.
  1524.  
  1525. The White House has directed, through USIB, that intensive investigative research be conducted within the State Department, CIA and DOD to attempt to determine what the actual threat is and stop it. The National Program has been coordinated by the State Department, under code name, "TUMS." ARPA is represented and is conducting research on a selective portion of the overall program concerned with one of the potential threats, that of the effects of low level electromagnetic radiation on man. This memorandum summarizes the initial test results obtained from this program called PANDORA. The extremely sensitive nature of the results obtained to date, and their impact on National Security, has resulted in establishing a special access category for all data results and analysis, under code name "BIZARRE." The code name is unclassified. Results can only be discussed with or conveyed to individuals cleared for this special access through Mr. Daniel J. Sullivan, ARPA.
  1526.  
  1527. II. SUMMARY
  1528. The most important results obtained to date, after 28 days (not continuous) of radiation of a primate at 5 milliwatts/cm2 with a simulated Moscow Signal, have been two repetitive, complete slowdowns and stoppages of the monkey in carrying out his test work functions. The monkey works lO hrs/day, 7 days/week. At stoppage, the data strongly suggests the monkey went into deep sleep. The second breakdown occurred sooner than the first, indicating that pre-stressing due to the radiation environment had occurred. There is no question that penetration of the central nervous system has been achieved; either directly or indirectly into that portion of the brain concerned with the changes in the work functions and the effects observed.
  1529.  
  1530. Events leading to these breakdowns were as follows: On the 12th day of radiation (10 hrs/day), a definite slowdown was recorded in the monkey's ability to time his work functions, On the 13th day of radiation, the monkey further degraded and finally stopped working. For the next two days of radiation, the monkey's condition remained unchanged - complete stoppage - at which time the radiation was terminated. Three days later (without radiation) the monkey returned to normal operation in his work functions. For five additional days (without radiation) the monkey maintained a normal work pattern. Radiation was turned on after this period and after eight days of radiation slowdown in work functions was again recorded. On the 10th day of radiation, complete stoppage occurred. The stoppage continued for the next three days at which time radiation was terminated. The next two days of recordings, up to 15 December 1966, reveal the monkey had not returned to normal.
  1531.  
  1532. At all times when the monkey ceased to respond, the measured deep core temperature dropped 1.2 to l.5°F from normal with a latency of 30 to 60 minutes. It stayed at this level for the remainder of the 10 hr/day. This data and direct observations on a TV monitor strongly suggest the monkey was in deep sleep.
  1533.  
  1534. III. DETAILED TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
  1535. A. Signal
  1536. 1. The radiation intensity on our Moscow Embassy exceeds, by a factor of about 100, the safety level specified in Soviet microwave specification standards; specifically, 10 microwatts/cm2 - not to exceed l mlliwatt/cm2 for short periods of time (15-20 minutes). The average steady level within the Moscow Embassy has been measured at values in excess of l milliwatt/cm2. The U.S. safety standard is 10 milliwatts/cm2. Large amounts of Soviet technical literature discuss non-thermal neurophysiological and neuro-circulatory effects of microwave radiation at levels below the U.S. accepted standard of 10 milliwatts/cm. There has been essentially no U.S. data covering this Soviet area of investigation."
  1537.  
  1538. The initial PANDORA results were later disputed, two subsequent reviews had mainly opposite conclusions, various discussions and reviews occurred later during transfer to the Walter Reed Army base. Despite this, several million had been invested and construction of facilities was continuing even at that time. A later inquiry by Senator Magnuson in 1977 revealed relatively little.
  1539.  
  1540. Moscow Signal and Pandora data fed into MKULTRA in parallel.
  1541.  
  1542. ---MKULTRA
  1543. "Develco Inc"
  1544. [m][CIA] 1960 - MKULTRA Subproject 119
  1545. ( https://archive.org/details/DOC_0000017376/page/n20 )
  1546. "The purpose of this subproject is to provide funds for a study conducted by [redacted [and] redacted] to make a critical review of the literature and scientific developments related to the recording, analysis and interpretation of bioelectric signals from the human organism, and activation of human behavior by remote means."
  1547.  
  1548. The connection to subproject 91 should be noted, where the purpose was also "activation of human behavior by remote means". In that case, however, brain implants were used, and RF controlled as in devices like Jose Delgado's "stimoceiver". This is discussed in Delgado's book "Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society", 1969.
  1549.  
  1550. Some related communications:
  1551. [m][CIA] 1973, 04 26 Robert P Gow - NOTE PER [Sanitized]
  1552. ( https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400100013-5 )
  1553. [m][CIA] 1973, 05 30 WR Adey - LETTER TO MR. ROBERT P. GOW FROM W. ROSS ADEY, MD
  1554. ( https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400080005-7 )
  1555. [m][CIA] 1973, 06 11 Robert P Gow - LETTER TO [Sanitized]
  1556. ( https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00787r000400080004-8 )
  1557.  
  1558. Post-Pandora, 1970's:
  1559. Many of the researchers affiliated with Pandora and MKULTRA would continued research in the public sector, mainly with grants from the Department of Energy, Office of Naval Affairs, and the Air force.
  1560. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/ross-adey
  1561. https://web.archive.org/web/20130622080345/http://www.bri.ucla.edu/bri_weekly/special_adeymemorial.asp
  1562. https://magdahavas.com/environmental-health-matters-initiative-u-s-national-academies/
  1563.  
  1564. [m][Army] Bioeffects of Selected Nonlethal Weapons
  1565. Incapacitating Effect: Microwave Hearing
  1566. "Microwave hearing is a phenomenon, described by human observers, as, the sensations of buzzing, ticking, hissing, or knocking sounds that originate within or immediately behind the head. There is no sound propagating through the air like normal sound. This technology in its crudest form could be used to distract individuals; if refined, it could also be used to communicate with hostages or hostage takers directly by Morse code or other message systems, possibly even by voice communication."
  1567.  
  1568. "One study (in 1975) using human volunteers, identified the threshold energy of microwave-auditory responses in humans as a function of pulse width for 2450 MHz radiofrequcncy energy. It is also found that about 40 J/cm2 incident energy density per pulse was required."
  1569.  
  1570. "Application of the microwave hearing technology could facilitate a private message transmission. It may be useful to provide a disruptive condition to a person not aware of the technology. Not only might it be disruptive to the sense of hearing, it could be psychologically devastating if one suddenly heard "voices within one's head."
  1571.  
  1572. "The effective range could be hundreds of meters."
  1573.  
  1574. Incapacitating Effect: Disruption of Neural Control
  1575. "The nature of the incapacitation is a rhythmic-activity synchronization of brain neurons that disrupts normal cortical control of the corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways this disrupts normal functioning of the spinal motor neurons which control muscle contract1on and body movements. Persons suffering from this condition lose voluntary control of their body. This synchronization may be accompanied by a sudden loss of consciousness and intense muscle spasms."
  1576.  
  1577. "If the technology functions approximately as envisioned, the targeted individual could be incapacitated very quickly. Because there have been no reported studies using the conditions specified, experimental work is required to characterize onset time. Different types of technologies could be employed to influence wide areas or single individuals. Because this technology is considered to be tunable, the influence on subjects could vary from mild disruption of concentration to muscle spasms and loss of consciousness. The subject(s) would have varying degrees of voluntary control depending on the chosen degree of incapacitation."
  1578.  
  1579. "The effective range could be hundreds of meters."
  1580.  
  1581. Microwave Auditory Effect / Frey Effect:
  1582. Lin 1980 - The microwave auditory phenomenon
  1583. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1455852
  1584.  
  1585.  
  1586. Miyamoto 2018 - An Existence of the Still Hidden CIA Program to Manipulate the Human Brain and Organism With Remote Electromagnetic Means
  1587. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3287484
  1588.  
  1589.  
  1590. ---RadioBio, a modern Pandora
  1591. https://microwavenews.com/news-center/darpa-radiobio
  1592. https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2017-02-07
  1593.  
  1594.  
  1595.  
  1596. ---Havana Cuba, China, Embassy
  1597. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/science/sonic-attack-cuba-microwave.html
  1598. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2738552
  1599.  
  1600. https://microwavenews.com/short-takes-archive/nyt-times-travel
  1601.  
  1602. MJ Valdés-Sosa and Kenneth R Foster, Halt speculation on U.S. embassy in Cuba.
  1603. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30442796
  1604.  
  1605. Related technologies:
  1606. -Magneto proteins
  1607. https://www.insidescience.org/news/magneto-protein-could-help-magnets-control-brain-circuitry
  1608.  
  1609. Stanley et al 2016 - Bidirectional electromagnetic control of the hypothalamus regulates feeding and metabolism
  1610. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4894494/
  1611. Wheeler et al 2016 - Genetically targeted magnetic control of the nervous system
  1612. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4846560/
  1613. Nimpf 2017 - Is magnetogenetics the new optogenetics?
  1614. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5470037/
  1615.  
  1616. Recently reports failed to replicate it, however. Which could be genuine, or it could be trying to put the cat back in the bag.
  1617. https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/two-studies-fail-to-replicate-magnetogenetics-research-66474
  1618.  
  1619. -Implants and stimulators
  1620. Freeman 2017 et al - A Sub-millimeter, Inductively Powered Neural Stimulator
  1621. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5712043/
  1622. Neuralink
  1623. NeuraSigma Monarch
  1624. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1625.  
  1626. TETRA
  1627. Burgess 2016 - Acute Exposure to Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) has effects on the electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram, consistent with vagal nerve stimulation
  1628. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5010210/
  1629.  
  1630. Nieto-Hernandez 2011 - Can exposure to a terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA)-like signal cause symptoms? A randomised double-blind provocation study.
  1631. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864469
  1632.  
  1633. Sauter 2015 - Do signals of a hand-held TETRA transmitter affect cognitive performance, well-being, mood or somatic complaints in healthy young men? Results of a randomized double-blind cross-over provocation study.
  1634. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25839715
  1635.  
  1636. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1637.  
  1638. Irradiated. TODO
  1639. https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/1060927842647/irradiated.pdf
  1640.  
  1641. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1642.  
  1643. Neurological damage in firefighters working in close proximity to a cell tower.
  1644. https://ecfsapi.fcc.gov/file/7022117660.pdf
  1645.  
  1646. More details:
  1647. https://ehtrust.org/firefighter-unions-opposing-cell-towers/
  1648.  
  1649. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1650.  
  1651. Some thoughts on reducing health effects:
  1652.  
  1653. To my knowledge there is no feasible way to eliminate effects other than eliminating exposure, you can only attenuate the damage. Effects which are strictly "physical", and cause effects without any need for downstream amplification by a cell's own machinery, cannot be blocked at all. This technology is incompatible with life. It is anti-life.
  1654.  
  1655.  
  1656. Self. You can either:
  1657. -Attempt to normalize the pathological calcium flux to where it's back in a reasonable range. This isn't really feasible in general or long term, calcium flux is needed and blocking it will have side effects. Opioid antagnonists like naloxone, probably naltrexone, etc will block some effects. Action on opioid systems is downstream of activation of corticotropin releasing factor, a common stress response. Downstream of the opioid response there are strong cholinergoic system effects.
  1658. -Either bolster levels of, or reduce the load on endogenous antioxidant and free radical management systems. This would be with other compounds and removing anything that's compromising and contributing load to those systems, like heavy metals. Anything that increases the levels of glutathione (GSH) and the other enzymes, glutathione peroxidase / reductase (GPx, GSR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) will help with this. Good gut flora and a high quality diet is beneficial.
  1659.  
  1660. "Supplements" (nutrients, minerals, etc):
  1661. -N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC)
  1662. 600 - 1800 mg/day. Bioavailable form of cysteine, which along with glutamate is a precursor to glutathione, a primary endogenous antioxidant, chelator, etc. Cysteine is generally the rate limiting element in its production. It also is required for the synthesis of metallothioneins, which are ramped up in response to cellular stress.
  1663. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione
  1664. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallothionein
  1665.  
  1666. -Vitamin C
  1667. Antioxidant, heavy metal chelator. Passed a threshold level scavenges NO, reconsitutes vitmain E and glutathione. Bulk L-ascorbate is fairly cheap, it can be made into sodium ascorbate by adding baking soda and water. It'll bubble for a moment as it reacts (pour slowly or use a large glass). This also makes it more readily soluble in water. Sodium ascorbate probably relies on an active sodium dependent transporter to cross the intestinal wall, and this machinery can be saturated (which along with the water attracting proeprties of sodium may be why this form of vitamin C causes watery stool more readily). Plain L-ascorbate crosses by passive diffusion, and is quite acidic. Large doses of ascorbate (>10 grams for several days) should be taken with minerals, ie magnesium, potassium, calcium, in citrate or chloride form. No silica or other junk.
  1668. -Vitamin E
  1669. In the form of mixed tocopherols
  1670. -Methylated folate.
  1671. Can't hurt. Benefits people with certain genetic factors who cannot methylate folate quickly.
  1672. -Acetyl-L-Carnitine
  1673. Theoretically helpful.
  1674.  
  1675. These are to support the glutathione system. Vitamin C is apparently a decent superoxide scavenger at a certain threshold cocnentration. Bypassing the superoxide dismutase->H2O2 pathway reduces demand on the catalase and glutathione system, and eliminates the potential for fenton reaction H2O2 -> hydroxyl radical generation. I don't know of any NO scavenger, some studies say that plant flavones do this, there's some evidence that theobromine (dark chocolate, tea, etc) works. Though it'd be ideal that managing the superoxide eliminates the peroxynitrite formation, there's reason to think this doesn't actually work with lower doses especially when they're at high concentrations.
  1676.  
  1677. -Co-q10
  1678. Mitochondrial support etc.
  1679. -Selenium
  1680. For example a few brazil nuts per day. 3 - 6. You have superoxide dismutases dependent on copper, manganese, and selenium. Selenium is also good for thyroid and hormonal function.
  1681. -Zinc
  1682.  
  1683. -Omega 3's
  1684. ALA from flax seed, though flax overall is estrogenic. DHA and EPA from fish. For these to be at all useful it's important that they are NOT oxidized, heated, rancid, etc. An omega 3 oil should not be "fermented" or heated, it should be cold pressed and refrigerated, some studies have shown regardless of what's on the lable, essentially all fish oils are rancid, have mercury, oxidized, etc. Flax oil in particular is not very stable, oxidizes quickly, and is best if fresh ground / pressed. Must be refrigerated.
  1685. -Calcium channel blockers
  1686. Ginseng, lavender, various others. Phenibut. Ginseng is highly estrogenic, not considered a male herb for long term use. One case of gynecomastia in the literature.
  1687.  
  1688. -Herbs and foods
  1689. Some herbs have been studied against RF exposure:
  1690. -Ginseng
  1691. Lee 2017 - Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
  1692. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29021708
  1693. Maskey 2013 - Neuroprotective effect of ginseng against alteration of calcium binding proteins immunoreactivity in the mice hippocampus after radiofrequency exposure
  1694. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24069603
  1695. Aryal 2011 - Effect of Ginseng on Calretinin Expression in Mouse Hippocampus Following Exposure to 835 MHz Radiofrequency.
  1696. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23717055
  1697. -Ginkgo biloba
  1698. One study showed some interaction. While Ginkgo contains potent antioxidants, it has also been shown to increase BBB permeability (eg for ginsengosides). Unclear whether it's beneficial, perhaps avoid.
  1699. Baieth 2009 - Evaluation of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Hematological Changes Affected with Hazards of Electromagnetic Field Exposure
  1700. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614785/
  1701. -Olive leaf
  1702. Salah 2013 - Effects of olive leave extract on metabolic disorders and oxidative stress induced by 2.45 GHz WIFI signals.
  1703. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23994945
  1704. -Guarana seed
  1705. Bittencourt 2013 - The protective effects of guaraná extract (Paullinia cupana) on fibroblast NIH-3T3 cells exposed to sodium nitroprusside
  1706. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512008484
  1707. Acted as a strong nitric oxide scavenger and overall antioxidant.
  1708. -Turmeric
  1709. He 2014 - The amelioration of phagocytic ability in microglial cells by curcumin through the inhibition of EMF-induced pro-inflammatory responses
  1710. https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-2094-11-49
  1711. -Garlic
  1712. Gürler 2014 - Increased DNA oxidation (8-OHdG) and protein oxidation (AOPP) by low level electromagnetic field (2.45 GHz) in rat brain and protective effect of garlic.
  1713. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24844368
  1714. Bilgici 2013 - Effect of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation on oxidative stress in rat brain and serum.
  1715. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23301880
  1716. Avci 2012 - Oxidative stress induced by 1.8 GHz radio frequency electromagnetic radiation and effects of garlic extract in rats.
  1717. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788526
  1718. -Beta-Glucan
  1719. Ceyhan 2012 - Protective effects of β-glucan against oxidative injury induced by 2.45-GHz electromagnetic radiation in the skin tissue of rats.
  1720. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22237725
  1721.  
  1722.  
  1723. Others you could expect to be beneficial:
  1724. -Brain
  1725. Hemidesmus indicus, bacopa monierri, centella asiatica, celastrus paniculatus. Withania somnifera, asparagus racemosus.
  1726. -Liver
  1727. Oregon grape, milk thistle. Polygonum multiflorum.
  1728. -Cardiovascular and brain
  1729. Cacao
  1730. I'm not sure about. Some ryanodine receptor action (causes the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum to dump its Ca2+ stores into the cytoplasm), increased NOS activity, and some other things might be very bad while being irradiated, despite all its flavonols, antioxidants, magnesium, etc. However theobromine is apparent a very good NO scavenger. It's hard to say how it nets out.
  1731. -Caffeine and the other methylxanthines
  1732. Pure caffeine is known to cause cells to release their internal Ca2+ store into the cytoplasm, possibly by a ryanodine receptor related mechanism. This may enhance microwave effects.
  1733. [m]NATO - Page 95
  1734. "An additional feature of caffeine and several other methylxanthines (theophylline and IBMX) which is important for investigations of [Ca2+]i signaling is their ability to activate Ca2+-gated Ca2+- release channels, thus inducing Ca2+ liberation from internal stores. The discovery of caffeine as a potent Ca2+ mobilizer from the internal stores came from investigations of caffeine-induced contractures in skeletal and cardiac muscle. This elevation persists in Ca2+-free extracellular solution, thus suggesting its origination from intracellular structures, cf.
  1735. [...]
  1736. The action of methylxanthines on [Ca2+]i is clearly intracellular and at millimolar drug concentrations [Ca2+]i elevation develops rapidly, indicating that methylxanthines are approaching their intracellular targets quite fast. [...] it has been shown that methylxanthines indeed freely penetrate cellular membrane and the intracellular caffeine concentration equilibrates with the external concentration with a time constant of about 8 sec.
  1737. [...]
  1738. Caffeine and other methylxanthines released Ca2+ from the internal stores in nerve cells in a concentration-dependent manner."
  1739. However one paper has indicated theophylline had a protective effect at very high power densities.
  1740. Xu 2007 - Theophylline attenuates microwave-induced impairment of memory acquisition.
  1741. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17207928
  1742.  
  1743. -Synthetic compounds
  1744. Phenibut is all that comes to mind, and has been studied in reducing brain damage during and after strokes. This validates some other data showing its primary high affinity target is a subunit of the calcium channel, with the GABA-B actually being a distant second. It hasn't been studied against RF directly.
  1745.  
  1746. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1747.  
  1748. Technology, Education, Games, Virtual Environments, Nature of media, Fertility, Governments and NGOs
  1749.  
  1750. Project Inkwell:
  1751. https://web.archive.org/web/20180830230500/www.projectinkwell.org/overview.php
  1752. Still shows up in searches, but at the time of this writing (July 28th, 2019, 4:40PM) it was down. It remains down as of October 5th, 2019.
  1753. In their AORTA (Always-On Real Time Access) Manifesto:
  1754. 1. Provide adequate bandwidth and Internet access to all schools, calculated on a per-student basis. The last, in-class distribution of this bandwidth must be wireless.
  1755. -The first portion was accomplished by running fiber optic cable to all schools, paid for with a fee added to everyone's phone bill.
  1756. https://www.c-span.org/video/?411277-1/fcc-chair-tom-wheeler-delivers-remarks-5g-networks
  1757. -There is no technical reason why the bandwidth of this fiber line cannot be safely, cheaply, and effectively distributed by simply using wired switches and ethernet cables, instead of what will have to be an industrial strength wifi router to serve dozens of devices in a single classroom. The device will likely spend hours per day in the child's lap, near their reproductive organs.
  1758. -What is the purpose of this, anyway? I figure the gist of it is the tablets will ultimately watch, track, record, and listen to a child every second of their day, that data will be collated and fed into the creation of what may as well be called what it is, a cognitive and psychological profile, perhaps also sold to third parties, all while being essentially an industry giveaway at the taxpayer's expense. The superficial selling point being "individualized" (and AI driven) education.
  1759.  
  1760. The effects and possibilities which come from training a person's mind to function in a strictly virtual environment, created and controlled by someone else, and their body to only interact with the equally controlled interface to that virtual space (and thus in many ways become the way to their own selves), are easily coercive and destructive. Even without the EMF exposure, children need to work with their own hands with real things for proper development, this is well established. They don't need to be in windowless rooms under fluorescent lights bouncing their every thought off of a screen like it's part of their body for hours at a time. This is not progress, nor an inevitable progress in the tools used for learning, it is devolution and dependency. In the same vein as what Jose Delgado, a prominent neuroscientist (and MKULTRA researcher (see eg subproject 91)), called the "robotocisation of man".
  1761.  
  1762. I first played video games in early infancy with games like Tetris, Super Mario Bros 3, Duck Hunt etc on the NES, and have had a lot of time to observe and consider the effect of virtual environments on the mind. I had pretty decent exposure to wireless controllers on the Nintendo Gamecube. Looking back now I doubt it did me any favors, though the "Wavebird" used the FCC unlicensed bands of ~900MHz and 2.4GHz, and transmitted information via frequency modulation (FSK). Back then there wasn't constant bidirectional communication with the receiver to remain synchronized, the controller only transmitted when a button was pressed. Modern game controllers entail constant sync'ing, are pulse modulated, are designed to transmit data, and have better batteries so they can afford a lot more emission. A controller is apt to be held either to the chest and abdomen, or near the groin for long periods of time. They are more dangerous than ever, and rates of testicular cancer, infertility, and various digestive issues unfortunately may tell the tale well after the fact. Controllers should be wired, game consoles should be shielded or have their wifi turned off, systems which to an extent must be wireless like the Nintendo Wii and Switch could use something like Li-Fi (pulsed visible light, has its own class of biological problems) instead of bluetooth.
  1763.  
  1764. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1765.  
  1766. Devices:
  1767. Procter & Gamble "smart" diapers
  1768. If usage will entail constant irradiation of the infant, in particular the reproductive organs and digestive system, this can be expected to essentially sterilize a child.
  1769. https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2019/07/19/p-g-launching-smart-diapers-with-help-fromgoogle.html
  1770.  
  1771. Wireless pregnancy tests
  1772. eg: https://www.firstresponse.com/en-CA/Products/Pregnancy/Pregnancy-PRO
  1773.  
  1774. Wireless tampons
  1775. http://www.trackmyflow.com/myflow.html
  1776.  
  1777. At this point I just googled "wireless condoms", I'm sure there are some metrics you just absolutely need sent to your phone
  1778. https://www.ecnmag.com/blog/2015/05/wi-fi-enabled-robotic-condom
  1779.  
  1780. Many other absurd devices:
  1781. https://ehtrust.org/key-issues/cell-phoneswireless/ridiculous-wi-fi-tech/
  1782. Infants and reproduction seem particularly targeted. The most vulnerable group is at risk of the most intense exposures.
  1783.  
  1784. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1785.  
  1786. 5G as a surveillance apparatus, and "technocracy".
  1787. The purpose of this document is to elaborate history and health effects of this field, but there are a number of aspects that bear mentioning in considering the overarching reason why any of this is even happening.
  1788.  
  1789. Past and present of technocracy with Patrick Wood
  1790. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mA9ZwgPIDtM
  1791.  
  1792. Zbigniew Brzezinski - Between Two Ages (https://archive.org/details/pdfy-z5FBdAnrFME2m1U4/mode/2up)
  1793. Page 94:
  1794. "Another threat, less overt but no less basic, confronts liberal democracy. More directly linked to the impact of technology, it involves the gradual appearance of a more controlled and directed society. Such a society would be dominated by an elite whose claim to political power would rest on allegedly superior scientific know-how. Unhindered by the restraints of traditional liberal values, this elite would not hesitate to achieve its political ends by using the latest modern techniques for influencing public behavior and keeping society under close surveillance and control. Under such circumstances, the scientific and technological momentum of the country would not be reversed but would actually feed on the situation it exploits.
  1795.  
  1796. The emergence of a large dominant party, alongside the more narrowly focused and more intensely doctrinaire groupings on the right and the left, could accelerate the trend toward such technological managerialism. Such a large dominant party would combine American society's quest for stability with its historical affinity for innovation. Relying on scientific growth to produce the means for dealing with social ills, it would tap the nation's intellectual talent for broad target planning and exploit the existence of doctrinaire groups by using them as social barometers and as sources of novel ideas. Persisting social crisis, the emergence of a charismatic personality, and the exploitation of mass media to obtain public confidence would be the steppingstones in the piecemeal transformation of the United States into a highly controlled society* In different ways, both the doctrinarian and the conservative might find the temptations inherent in the new techniques of social control too difficult to resist. The inclination of the doctrinaire left to legitimize means by ends could lead them to justify more social control on the ground that it serves progress. The conservatives, preoccupied with public order and fascinated by modern gadgetry, would be tempted to use the new techniques as a response to unrest, since they would fail to recognize that social control is not the only way to deal with rapid social change.
  1797.  
  1798. Such an outcome — were it to come to pass — would represent a profoundly pessimistic answer to the question whether American liberal democracy can assimilate and give philosophical meaning to the revolution it is undergoing. This matter not only has relevance for the United States; it has larger implications: American success or failure may provide a significant indication whether a modern democracy with highly educated citizens can successfully undergo an extensive social change without losing its essentially democratic character. Fortunately, the American transition also contains the potential for an American redemption.
  1799.  
  1800. *emergence of a separate large professional career-officer corps — in other words, a warrior caste.
  1801.  
  1802. This could also produce a historical paradox. The traditionally democratic American society could, because of its fascination with technical efficiency, become an extremely controlled society, and its humane and individualistic qualities would thereby be lost. (Such a society is the subject of Kurt Von-negut's novel Player Piano.) On the other hand, the communist countries, because of their organizational inefficiency and the gradual loosening of political controls, might become more preoccupied with questions of humanism; their socialist inefficiency, combined with these more humane concerns, could eventually produce a more flexible social order in some of them.
  1803.  
  1804. It should, however, be noted that this extremely unlikely prospect is applicable only to the more advanced communist countries. The weight of the political tradition and great power aspirations of the Russian form of communism, as well as the relative socio-economic backwardness of most communist states, argue against it. For a critique of the concept of convergence, i.e., the evolution of a communist system into a traditional liberal democracy, see the concluding chapter of the book I wrote with Samuel Huntington, Political Power: USA/USSR, New York, 1964."
  1805.  
  1806.  
  1807. The overarching trajectory of the world is presently towards globalization, and eventually a Soviet-style planned economy. Which entails maximizing mobility of labor (eg through open borders, trade deals, and formation of megaregions), while minimizing free and unchecked movement. Contain->Quantify->Control.
  1808. To facilitate this you would want to move most people into high density housing in dense population centers, connected together by high speed rail etc.
  1809. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/outcomedocuments/agenda21
  1810. You would want persistent digital identity as a way to profile and monitor individuals, and to connect to a surveillance grid. We already see this rapidly taking form in China with their Social Credit system. Smart cameras will watch you everywhere you go, they are able to determine identity, emotional state, whether you're alone or moving with a group, certain biometrics like heart rate, breathing, perspiration, and perhaps on the horizon even as fine grained as blood sugar and hormonal state. Your routine will be tracked and collated into a central psychological profile. The smart appliances in the home, which will eventually be every appliance sold whether it be a refrigerator, television, or Alexa, will monitor, listen, and report. Many products sold will contain RFID chips, urban scanning radar affixed to LED streetlights can then, in addition to monitoring your movement, know the exact identity and placement of products in the home, rate and temporal pattern of use, and other data which would add to the central planning model. And determine your social credit.
  1811. https://id2020.org/
  1812. This is implemented as "realID" in the US.
  1813. https://www.dhs.gov/real-id
  1814.  
  1815. https://www.uhc2030.org/un-hlm-2019/
  1816.  
  1817. Wi-Fi to track your position. Use of RF for similar surveillance goes back several decades, but new approaches are still being published.
  1818. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBFMsY5ZP0o
  1819.  
  1820. Perhaps it will "never happen here", but looking around it's clear. Bit by bit, a trap is assembled around us. Gets you thinking actually so far as "build the wall", what if the wall is to keep us in?
  1821.  
  1822. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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