Consciousness
-monitoring internal mental processes, personal behavior, and the environment
-controlling one’s plans based on information received through monitoring
Preconscious Information: information that could become conscious
-tip of the tongue, subliminal perception, blindsight
Hypnosis: state of consciousness in which the person is susceptible to suggestion
-four elements: told to focus on what’s being said, relax/feel tired, “let go”, vivid imagination
-hypnotic susceptibility: degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject
Hypnosis theories
-(dissociation)hypnosis works only in a person’s immediate consciousness, while a hidden observer remained aware of all that was going on
-(social-cognitive)people who are hypnotized are merely playing the role expected of them
	Sleep
-hypothalamus: tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system
-suprachiasmatic nucleus: internal clock that tells people when to wake up/sleep, tells pineal gland to secrete melatonin
-circadian rhythm disorder: disturbances in sleep cycle, jetlag, shift work, etc
	Sleep Theories
-adaptation: one doesn’t move around during the time of day which is most dangerous
-restoration: one needs to restore depleted energy stores
	Sleep deprivation
-problems: tension, mood swings, hallucinations, psychotic symptoms
-no more than four days
-neurochemicals: melatonin, tryptophan
-microsleeps: brief sidesteps into sleep lasting a few seconds
	Brainwave patterns
-electroencephalograph(eeg): used to see brainwave activity
-beta: awake, alert, conscious
-alpha: relaxed, calm, meditation
-theta: deep relaxation/meditation
-delta: deep, dreamless sleep
	Stages of sleep(nonrem)
-1:theta:transition between wakefulness/sleep
-2:alpha:sleep spindles(increased eeg activity), k-complexes(lower muscle tension)
-3,4:delta:deep sleep
Stages of sleep(rem)
-REM:most important phase of sleep; rem rebound
-sleep paralysis
	Dreams
-random activation causes dreams, dreams cause activation during  REM sleep
-meaning: manifestation of subconscious, what we were thinking about the day before, nothing
	Sleep Disorders
-Insomnia: difficulty falling/staying asleep
-hypersomnia: difficulty staying awake during the day even with adequate sleep
-Narcolepsy: uncontrollably falling asleep (cataplexy: loss of muscle tone)
-sleep apnea: stop breathing
-sleep walking: episodes of seeing, walking, or talking without memory
-night terrors: extremely fearful emotion/behavior in sleep
-restless leg syndrome: unusual movement
	DRUGS
-physical dependence: tolerance, withdrawal
-psychological dependence:
	Drug categories
-CNS Depressants: slow down the brain/body; alcohol, barbiturates, antianxiety, GHB, rohypnol
- CNS stimulants: stimulate the sympathetic nervous system; cocaine, amphetamines
-dissociative anesthetics: inhibit pain by cutting off the brain’s perception of pain; PCP
-narcotic analgesics: relieve pain/create mood changes; opium, codeine, heroin, morphine
- hallucinogens:cause altered perception of reality;LSD, peyote, MDMA
-inhalants:mind altering; paint, gasoline, anesthetic gases
- cannabis
Sensation: messages we receive from our sensory receptors
Perception: the way sensation information is interpreted
Psychophysics: systematic study of the relationship between physical stimulation and psychological sensation
Stroop effect: headfux colors
Signal-detection theory(sdt): hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection
Sensory adaptation: temporary physiological response to a sensed change in the environment: tuning out, driving, reading
Vison: electromagnetic spectrum: the range of energy wavelengths we can(not) see
Structure of the eye: cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retna
Retna:ganglion cells; amacrine, horizontal/bipolar cells, photoreceptors
Rods: 120M rods, no color vision, vision in dim light
Condes: 8M, color vision, vision in bright light
Photoreceptors: transducer stimuli into usable information
Fovea: central receiving area, focuses on what you are looking at, all cones
Color qualities: hue, saturation, brightness
Visual perception: consistency; cues: relative size, gradient, interposition, motion parallax
Vision theory
-Gestalt: elements that are similar are grouped
-feature-detector: cellsi n the brain respond to specific features
-template-matching: match the stimuli we see with the perfect example
-feature-matching: match the features of stimuli we see with features we remember
	Hearing
-properties: amplitude, pitch, timbre
Outer ear: pinna (collects sound waves), eardrum(vibrates when sound interacts)
Middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes: bones that amplify sound
Inner ear: cochlea: transmits auditory information to the brain via acoustic nerve
	Hearing theories
-place theory: we hear each pitch based on specific places the basilar membrane in the cochlea is stimulated
-frequency theory; the basilar membrane reproduces the frequencies it receives to the acoustic nerve
-duplicity theory: both location and frequency
Taste
-four properties: sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, MSG
	Smell
-reasons: enhancing taste, memory, survival, pheromones
-olfactory bulbs: areas of the brain located above the sinus cavity that receive information from receptor cells
	Touch
-sensations: pressure ,temperature, pain
-extroception, introception
Movement, balance, equilibrium
-kinesthesis: how we understand our skeletal movement and positioning
-vestibular sense: the sense of balance and equilibrium (vestibular sacs and semicircle canals)
Synesthesia: neurological condition where sensory information from one modality is sensed in another modality
-*graphemia, *logia, *phonia, *graphia
Synesthesia theories
-Degeneracy: more primitive utility of senses
-compensation: compensating for defective senses
-vibration; color patterns are mathematically related to sound waves
-emotional-tone: based on emotional experiences
-learning: a learned response in early life
Intelligence: goal directed adaptive behavior
	Thought
-Critical thinking; evaluating to find answer. (Analysis; breakdown, Synthesis; combining two/more)
-Judgement/decision; moving from evaluation to choosing.
	Creativity
-Covergent thinking;there is one answer and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that truth. Start from theory then gather data.
-Divergent thinking; start with one point, come up with many. Start with data then explain.
	Problems
-Well structured; beginning specified, goals stated, transformation functions specific, evaluation functions clear. (Solve: Algorithms and Heuristics/strats)
-Ill structured; opposite.(Solve: incubation, experience(heuristics/analogy) and insight)
	Problem Categories
-Transformation; Move from initial state to goal state
-Arrangement; arrange problem elements in desired fashion
-Induction; Find principal via examples
-Deduction; Via principals draw a conclusion
-Divergance; Generate as many solutions as possiblem
	Obsticles and Aids to Solving
-Obst; mental sets(entrenchment), dunctional fixedness(stereotype), negative transfer
-Aids; Incubation, transfer of analogies, positive transfer.
	Theories
-Utility max; max pleasure, minimize pain
-Subjectivy utility; amount of pos/neg varies based on the person
	Common Hueristics
-Anchoring/adjustment; change belief based on information
-Availability; make judgement based on how easy they come to mind
-Representativeness; How similar is something to population, degree to which it fits pattern
	Intellingence
-Goal directed adaptive behavior
-Based on learning, memory, language and attention/perception
	Standford-Binet
-Overall score/Subscore; verbal reasoning, abstract/visual, gantitative, short term memory
	Wechsler IQ Test
-Verbal scales; info, comprehension, digit span, similarities, vocab, arithmetic
-Performance scales; object assembly, block design, digit symbol, pic arrange, pic concept, pic completion, matrix reasoning
	High Intelligence
-Top 2% have IQ > 132
-Smart but not much in other areas
-Scoring well on certain tests may not predict intelligence
-Moron: 51-70, Imbecile: 26-50, Idiot: 0-25
-Mild ret 55-70, mod ret 40-54, severe ret 25-39, profound ret 0-24
	Individual differences
-Some in respective skillsets, lessesning interval. Richer environments = difference
-Validity, Reliability, Standardization
	Artificial intelligence
-learning, reasoning, problem solving, perception, language understanding.
-MYCIN; detecting/trating infection
-INTERNIST; Broad diagnosis of medical problems
-DENDREAL; IDing molecular structures of organic compounds
	Language
-Organize, combine words, communicate.
-Communication; Exchange of information through means such as words, gestures looks, movements and contextual cues.
-Communicative; Express info. Arbitrary; meanings not instrinsically ID. Rule Gov; involves meaningful structure. Multiple lvls; can be restated. Productive; infinite amount that can be produced. Dynamic; constantly changing. Spontaneously aquired; without special effort.
	Pragmatics
-Sociolinguistics; nonverbal expressions, verbal inflection etc
	Definitions
-Phonemes; speech sounds
-Morphemes; word building components
-Lexicon; Collection of morphemes
-Vocab; collection of known words
-Syntax; structure of words
-Perscriptive grammar; preferred use of language
-Descriptive grammar; rules for structure/function
-Phrase-structure grammar; superficial ordering of words
Transformational grammar; make superficial into deep relevant info
	Errors
-Slips of the tongue, garden path sentence, Stuttering, Dyslexia, Tourette's
-Dynsarthria; muscles in face slow
-Aphasia; limited speech, reading, writing, listening
-Apraxia; trouble producing words
-Selective mutism; Lack of speech in certain situations
-Spasmodic dysphonia; persistant hoarseness/quivering/jerkiness of voice
	Disorders
-Orofacial Myofunctional; tongue too far forward in mouth
-ALS/Lou Gehrig's; inability to speak loud/clear and eventually not at all
-Huntingtons; slowed speech, word finding difficulty and progressive
	Brain Activity
-Broca(left front lobe); movement of mouth, grammatical speech
-Wernicke(left temp lobe); language comprehension.
-Left hemisphere; syntax/writing
-Right; auditory/linguistic comprehension
-Linguistic Relativity; language influences the way one thinks/develops
	Early Language
-Parental response, cooing, babbling, holophrases(1 word), telegraph speech(2 word)
	Language Aquisition
-Nature/critical periods; time of rapid development
-Nurture; imitation/conditioning(rewarded for correct sounds)
	Convenience Language
-Pidgin; combining two+ languages for individuals that speak but one.
-Creole; pidgin languages passed down as first language
-Code/switching; switching between languages (spanglish)
-Mixed; combining languages for people well versed in both