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- In Pathfinder, potions are considered magic items like scrolls or wands and are made in much a similar way. Potions and oils can be made from any spell (or, if you're an Alchemist, formula) up to 3rd level with a casting time of less than one minute that affect one or more creatures.
- When you make a potion, you spend material components to do so, which are represented as the gold you pay. You don't just turn the gold into a potion, you use it to purchase ingredients, containers, tools, etc. that you end up consuming when brewing a potion or oil. The value for a potion is equal to the Spell Level x Caster Level x 50 gp. When you brew a potion yourself, you divide the value in half to determine the cost of materials. For example, a Potion of Cure Moderate Wounds would cost 150 gp to make (Level 2 Spell x Minimum Caster Level 3 x 50 / 2). The ingredients themselves may vary between spells, the gold is just used as an abstraction of purchasing ingredients or the effort in finding them yourself.
- You must also dedicate time to making a magic item such as a potion. In Pathfinder, potions and scrolls that cost less than 250 gp to make take 2 hours. All other magic items (including potions worth more than 250 gp) take 8 hours for every 1,000 gp of their base price (before you divide it in half for materials) with a minimum of 8 hours. The Potion of Cure Moderate Wounds mentioned earlier would therefore take 8 hours to brew (because its base price is 300 gp, which is more than 250 gp).
- To brew the potion, you must work in a place without distractions for up to 8 hours/day. You can work while adventuring for 4 hours/day, but it only counts as 2 hours of work. Otherwise you work in 4 hour blocks that cannot be interrupted in a quiet place with the tools necessary to make the item. You make a skill check (Spellcraft or Craft (alchemy) for potions) versus a DC of 5 + Caster Level of the item. Failing means the materials are wasted and the process must start again. Failing by 5 or more creates a cursed item. You can only work on one magic item at a time.
- You must prepare or have the ability to prepare the spell required for the potion (so you cannot brew a potion if you have no available spell slots). You can use any Caster Level between the minimum required for the spell ((2 x Spell Level) - 1, usually) and your Caster Level, though it will change the price of the ingredients required. Brewing a potion consumes the spell slot the spell was prepared in, and any material component costs are added to the cost of ingredients, i.e. a potion that costs 150 gp for magical ingredients and 300 gp for its material components would cost 450 gp to brew.
- Brewing potions requires the Brew Potion feat. Once a potion is brewed successfully, it lasts until it's imbided or is dispelled by other means. Potions don't have expiration dates.
- In summary, to brew a potion you have to do the following:
- Have the Brew Potion feat
- Pick a spell or formula to make into a potion.
- Pay half the base price in materials. The base price is Spell Level x Caster Level x 50 gp.
- Dedicate 2 hours if the base price is less than 250 gp, or 8 hours for every 1,000 gp (minimum 8 hours).
- Make a Spellcraft or Craft (alchemy) check against a DC of 5 + Caster Level.
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