-Evidence=information that can be used to prove a statement or support a conclusion
-Primary Source=a document or other record of past events created by someone who was present during the events or the time period in which they occurred
-Secondary Source=a document or other record of past events created by someone who was not present during the events or the time period in which they occurred
-Point of View=a person's way of thinking about or approaching a subject, as shaped by his or her character, experience, culture, and history
- Historical Interpretation =the process of finding the meaning or significance of historical events
-Artifacts =an object made by a human being
-Bias=a personal leaning or a preference for a particular outlook
-Chronology=the order in which events occur, or the arrangement of events in the order in which they occur
-Legacy=
-Empathy=the ability to imagine oneself in another's place in order to understand the person's feelings, desire, ideas, and actions
-Equality=the state of having the same privileges, rights, status, and opportunities as others
-Rights=a power or privilege granted by an agreement among people or by law
-Liberty=freedom
-Opportunity=the chance for advancement or progress
-Democracy=a system of government in which the power to rule comes from the consent of the governed
-Ideal=a principle or standard of perfection that a person or group consistently tries to achieve
-Self-evident =obvious without explanation or proof
-Social Class=a group of people within a society who possess similar socioeconomic status
-Natural Rights=a power or privilege held to be common to all people and granted at birth by nature, not by society
-Monarchy=a system of government in which the ruler inherits the right to rule and has power for life
-Dictatorship =a system of government in which power is seized and exercised by force
-Physical feature=a natural feature of Earth's surface, such as a mountain or valley
-Natural resource=a substance found in nature, such as iron or water, that can be used by people
-Region=a geographic area defined by one or more characteristics that set it apart from other areas
-Globalization =the integration of the cultures, economies, and politics of nations around the world
-Landform =a natural feature of Earth's surface, such as a mountain or valley
-Fossil fuel=a fuel that contains carbon and is derived from the decomposed remains of prehistoric plants and animals
-Census=an official count of a population conducted at set time intervals
-Mayflower Compact=the first written framework for self-government in what is now the United States, made by the Mayflower passengers in 1620
-Magna Carta=the agreement made in 1215 between King John and his barons listing rights granted by the monarch to all free men of the kingdom
-English Bill of Rights=an act passed by Parliament in 1689 further limiting the monarch's power by giving Parliament the sole power to tax and specifying citizens' rights, such as trial by jury and protection from cruel and unusual punishment
-House of Burgesses=the first legislature in the English colonies in America, formed in 1619
-Albany Plan of Union=a proposal drafted in 1754 by Benjamin Franklin calling for an alliance of the English colonies for their own defense
-Act of Religious Toleration=a law enacted in Maryland in 1649 declaring that all Christian denominations have a right to practice their faith
-Zenger trial=a trial that helped promote the idea that the freedom of the press is a right that should be protected
-Great Awakening =a period of religious revival during the early 1700s that encouraged people to question authority and to think freely about religious matters
-Proprietor=a person who owned a colony as a result of receiving a land grant from the king
-Indentured servant=a settler who voluntarily gave up freedom for five to seven years in exchange for passage to America
-Plantation= a huge farm requiring a large labor force to grow crops for profit
-Racism=the belief that one race of people is superior to another
-Due process of law=a system in which government cannot deprive a person of life, liberty, or property except according to rules established by law
-Legislature =a group of people chosen to make laws
-Parliament =the lawmaking body of England
-Confederation=an alliance of independent governments
-Declaration of Independence =the document approved in 1776 by the Second Continental Congress declaring that the 13 former colonies were free and independent states
-Stamp Act=an act passed by Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a stamp tax on newspapers and documents; the first direct tax imposed on the colonies, prompting protests of "no taxation without representation"
-committees of correspondence =groups of letter writers who spread news about British actions throughout the colonies
-Boston Tea Party=the dumping of tea in Boston harbor in 1773 to protest the Tea Act
-Intolerable Acts=laws passed by Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party by closing Boston harbor, shutting shown civilian courts, forcing colonists to house British troops, and placing the colony under the rule of an appointed governor
-Common Sense=a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 making an influential argument for independence
- Battle of Saratoga=the decisive American victory in 1777 that was a major turning point in the revolution, prompting France and Spain to enter the war against Britain
-Battle of Yorktown=the American victory in 1781 that ended the revolution
-Tyranny= the unjust use of government power
-Boycott=a peaceful protest in which people refuse to buy or use certain goods
-Militias=groups of citizens who volunteer to be soldiers during emergencies
-Mercenaries =a professional soldier for hire
-Guerilla warfare=hit-and-run attacks by small, mobile groups of soldiers
-Articles of Confederation=the nation's first constitution, which was drafted in 1777 and created a framework for a loose confederation of states
-Constitutional Convention=the convention held in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft the Constitution of the United States
-North west Ordinance=a law passed by Congress in 1787 specifying how western lands would be governed
-Constitution of the United States=the plan of government of the United States, drafted by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 to replace the Articles of Confederation
-Great Compromise = the compromise reached during the Constitutional Convention on representation in Congress, with each state represented equally in the Senate and with representation in the House based on state population
-Electoral College=a body made up of electors from each state who cast votes to elect the president and vice president
-Ratification=the approval of a plan of government or of a constitutional amendment
-Ordinance =a law that sets local regulations
-Interstate commerce=trade between states]
-Tariff=a tax on imported goods
-Economic Depression=a drastic decline in the economy, marked by business failures and unemployment
-Separation of powers=the division of government power into executive, legislative, and judicial branches
-Checks and balances =the system by which each branch of the federal government can limit, or check, the power of the others
-Bicameral legislature =a lawmaking body made up of two houses
-Preamble=the first part of the Constitution, which states the purposes of the new plan of government
-Congress=the legislative branch of the federal government, consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives
-Elastic clause=the constitutional clause that gives Congress authority to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" to carry out its powers
-Chief executive= the president and the head of the executive branch
- Federal judiciary=the federal court system, consisting of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts
- Judicial review=the power of the Supreme Court to review an action of the legislative or executive branch and declare it unconstitutional
-Federalism =the division of power between the federal and state governments
-Supremacy clause= the constitutional clause affirming that the Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land
-Impeach=to charge a government official with an offense committed while in office
-Independent judiciary= a system in which judges cannot be removed or have their salaries reduced for making unpopular decisions
-Precedent =a court decision used as a guideline in deciding similar cases
-Delegated powers=a power that the Constitution delegates, or grants, to Congress and therefore to the national government
-Reserved powers=a power that the Constitution does not delegate to Congress or deny to the states and is therefore reserved to the states or the people
-Concurrent powers=a power that the Constitution delegates, or grants, to Congress but does not deny to the states
-Special interest group=an organization whose members share an interest or concern and want to influence policymaking
-Manifest destiny= the belief, held by many Americans in the 1840s, that the United States was destined to spread across the North American continent and beyond
-Indian Removal Act=a law passed by Congress in 1830 to authorize the forced resettlement of Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi River in an area west of the Mississippi known as Indian Territory (later to become Oklahoma)
-Democratic Party=one of the two major U.S. political parties; founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and states' rights
-Spoils system=the practice of giving appointed positions in government to people loyal to the party in power
-Marshall Court=the Supreme Court during John Marshall's term as chief justice, from 1801 to 1835
-Cotton gin= invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, a machine that removes the seeds from cotton
-Factory system=a manufacturing system in which products are created on a large scale by using machines in factories, rather than by individuals
-Second Great Awakening= from about 1795 to 1835, a period of renewed religious fervor among Christians in the United States
-Seneca Falls Convention=the official end to the practice of slavery
-Suffrage=the right to vote
-Nullification=the act of making something legally invalid
-Industrialization= the transformation from producing goods by hand to producing goods by machine
-Mass production=the manufacturing of goods on a large scale in factories
-Productivity=the rate at which goods are produced
-Market economy=a type of economy in which prices and wages are determined mainly by supply and demand
-Market revolution =the transition of a society from having a traditional economy to a market economy
-Traditional economy=a type of economy in which resources are used for purposes established by long-standing custom and goods are bartered or informally exchanged
-Abolition =the official end to the practice of slavery
- Missouri Compromise=measures passed by Congress in 1820 to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state while also setting a line at latitude 36° 30' (Missouri's southern border) north of which all Louisiana Purchase territory would be free
-Compromise of 1850=measures passed by Congress in 1850 to admit California into the Union as a free state, to divide the rest of the Southwest into the New Mexico and Utah territories, with the people there determining for themselves through popular sovereignty whether or not to accept slavery, to ban slavery in Washington, D.C., and to establish a new, stronger fugitive slave law
-Fugitive Slave Law=a law first passed by Congress in 1793 to allow the seizure and return of slaves who escaped into another state or a federal territory; Congress passed a second version of the law in 1850 to establish fines on federal officials who refused to enforce the law or from whom a runaway slave escaped, to establish fines on individuals who helped slaves escape, to ban runaway slaves from testifying on their own behalf in court, and to give special commissioners power to enforce the law
-Uncle Tom’s Cabin=a law first passed by Congress in 1793 to allow the seizure and return of slaves who escaped into another state or a federal territory; Congress passed a second version of the law in 1850 to establish fines on federal officials who refused to enforce the law or from whom a runaway slave escaped, to establish fines on individuals who helped slaves escape, to ban runaway slaves from testifying on their own behalf in court, and to give special commissioners power to enforce the law
-Kansas-Nebraska Act=a law passed by Congress in 1854 to establish Kansas and Nebraska as territories with popular sovereignty
-Republican Party=one of the two major U.S. political parties; founded in 1854 by antislavery opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
-Dred Scott decision=
-John Brown’s raid=
-Fort Sumter=
-Sectionalism =strong concern for local interests
-Urban=characteristic of or relating to a city
-Popular sovereignty=a political practice, common in the United States before the Civil War, in which the people living in a newly organized territory had the right to vote on whether to allow slavery in the territory
-Agitator=someone who tries to stir up public feelings about a controversial issue
-Arsenal=
-Faction=
-Secession=
-Anaconda Plan=
-Emancipation Proclamation=
-Gettysburg Address=
-Sherman’s March to the Sea=
-Draft riot=
-Copperhead=
-Bread riot=
-54th Massachusetts Regiment=
-Naval blockade
-Emancipation
-Total war
-Habeas corpus
-Military draft
-Embargo
-Rifled musket
-Freedman
- Thirteenth Amendment
-Freedmen’s Bureau
-Black codes
-Radical Republican
-Fourteenth Amendment
-Fifteenth Amendment
-Ku Klux Klan
-Jim Crow Laws
-Plessy v. Ferguson
-Civil rights
-Segregation
-Tenant farming
-Sharecropping
-Debt peonage
-Amnesty
-Poll tax
-Literacy test
-Grandfather clause
-Lynch

Key People
- John Adams
-John Quincy Adams
-Samuel Adams
-Maya Angelou
-Preston Brooks
-John Brown
-John Burgoyne
-William Clark
-Henry Clay
-Lord Charles Cornwallis
-Davy Crockett
-Jefferson Davis
-Dorothea Dix
-Stephen Douglas
-Frederick Douglas
-Dred Scott
-Eric Foner
-Henry Ford
-Benjamin Franklin
-William Lloyd Garrison
-King George III of England
-Ulysses S. Grant
-Alexander Hamilton
-Rutherford B. Hayes
-Patrick Henry
-Charles Evans Hughes
-Andrew Jackson
-Thomas Jefferson
- John Brown
-Andrew Johnson
-Martin Luther King Jr.
-Robert E. Lee
-Lewis and Clark
-Abraham Lincoln
-John Locke
-James Madison
-John Marshall
-Wilmer McLean
-Baron de Montesquieu
-William Penn
-James K. Polk
-Carl Schurz
-Roger Sherman
-William Tecumseh Sherman
-Elizabeth Cady Stanton
-Thaddeus Stevens
-Charles Sumner
-John Trumbull
-Harriet Tubman
-Booker T. Washington
-George Washington
-John Peter Zenger