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Passing by reference - operator overloading [closed]
int a = 1;
int b = 2;
int c = a + b;

UserType e = ...;
UserType d = ...;
UserType f = e + d;

struct IpAddress
{
    unsigned int addr;
};

ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const IpAddress& ip)
{
    os
        << (ip.addr >> 24) << '.'
        << (0xff & (ip.addr >> 16)) << '.'
        << (0xff & (ip.addr >> 8)) << '.'
        << (0xff & ip.addr);

    return os;
}

IpAddress ip;
// put something to ip

cout << "your address is: " << ip << endl;

ofstream f("log.txt");
f << "address: " << ip << endl;