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typename outside of template
template<class T>
struct Upcast;

template<>
struct Upcast<signed char>
{
    typedef signed short type;
};

template<>
struct Upcast<char>
{
    typedef typename std::conditional<std::is_signed<char>::value,short, unsigned short>::type type;
};

int main()
{
    Upcast<char>::type a;
    return 0;
}

Error   1   error C2899: typename cannot be used outside a template declaration

#include<vector>

int main() {
  typename std::vector<int> v;
}