/**
 * bitpacking.cpp
 *
 *     Original 6199 line source by Daniel Lemire, http://lemire.me/blog/
 *         Question: if you pack and unpack bits, is it much faster if you
 *         pack into 8 or 16 bits than, say, 31 or 7 bits?
 *
 *     Modified  354 line source by willcodeforfood@reddit
 *         g++ -DMAIN -DBENCH -O3 bitpacking.cpp -o bench
 *         g++ -DMAIN -DSPECS -O1 bitpacking.cpp -o specs
 *         g++ -O3 bitpacking.cpp -c -o bitpack.o
 */

extern "C" {
#    include <sys/time.h>
}
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

#ifdef __USE_GNU
#    define RESTRICT __restrict__
#    define NOINLINE __attribute__ ((noinline))
#else
#    define RESTRICT
#    define NOINLINE
#endif

#define PARAMS cuint * RESTRICT i, uint * RESTRICT o
#define FOREACH_1to31(F) \
    F (1)  F (2)  F (3)  F (4)  F (5)  F (6)  F (7)  F (8) \
    F (9)  F (10) F (11) F (12) F (13) F (14) F (15) F (16) \
    F (17) F (18) F (19) F (20) F (21) F (22) F (23) F (24) \
    F (25) F (26) F (27) F (28) F (29) F (30) F (31)

#define FOREACH_1to32(F) FOREACH_1to31(F) F (32)
#define SUB(a, b) ((a) - (b))
#define LSH(a, b) ((a) << (b))
#define RSH(a, b) ((a) >> (b))
#define MASK(x, k) ((x) % (1U << (k)))
#define die(why) do { cerr << why << endl; assert(0); \
                      exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while(0)

using namespace std;
typedef const bool cbool;
typedef const uint cuint;
typedef vector<uint> vuint;
typedef const vuint cvuint;

// P = pack, U = unpack, S = spec
// defines 96 functions: {p,u}{1..32}(PARAMS) and s{1..32}()
namespace metaprog {
#define TPAR cuint * RESTRICT &i, uint * RESTRICT &o
#define TCALL(f) (f (i, o))
#define IGNORE(x) ((void)x)
// in this context, dirty means that some bits weren't processed.
// [PU][CD][CD] = (pack|unpack) start:(clean|dirty) end:(clean|dirty)
// [PU]Dx = called when dirty at the start; handles remainders
// [PU]Rx = adds the remainder bits to the output
// these functional macros aren't fully general; some aren't expr-safe,
// and some evaluate their params more than once.
#define PCD(n, k) do { (*o) |= LSH (MASK ((*i), n), k); } while (0)
#define UCD(n, k) do { (*o) = MASK (RSH ((*i), k), n); } while (0)
#define PCC(n, k) do { PCD(n, k); (++i); } while (0)
#define UCC(n, k) do { UCD(n, k); (++o); } while (0)
#define PRx(n, k) do { (*o) |= RSH (MASK ((*i), n), SUB (n, k)); } while (0)
#define URx(n, k) do { (*o) |= LSH (MASK ((*i), k), SUB (n, k)); } while (0)
#define PDx(n, k) do { (++o); PRx(n, k); (++i); } while (0)
#define UDx(n, k) do { (++i); URx(n, k); (++o); } while (0)
#define PDD(n, k) do { PDx(n, k); PCD(n, k); } while (0)
#define UDD(n, k) do { UDx(n, k); UCD(n, k); } while (0)
#define PDC(n, k) do { PDD(n, k); (++i); } while (0)
#define UDC(n, k) do { UDD(n, k); (++o); } while (0)

    // before and after refer to dirty state relative to X
    template <cuint n, cuint b, cbool before, cbool after>
        struct X {
            static inline void P (TPAR);
            static inline void U (TPAR);
        };

#define SPECIALIZE_X(x, y, F) \
    template <cuint n, cuint b> \
        struct X <n, b, (x), (y)> { \
            static inline void P (TPAR) { P##F (n, b); } \
            static inline void U (TPAR) { U##F (n, b); } \
            static inline void S () { cout << "    " << #F << " (" << n \
                << ", " << b << ");" << endl; } \
        }

    // real execution work hides here
    SPECIALIZE_X(true,  true,  CC);
    SPECIALIZE_X(true,  false, CD);
    SPECIALIZE_X(false, true,  DC);
    SPECIALIZE_X(false, false, DD);

    static inline void nop(TPAR) {
        IGNORE(i);
        IGNORE(o);
    }

    template <cbool end>
        struct E {
            static inline void P(TPAR) {
                TCALL(nop);
            }

            static inline void U(TPAR) {
                TCALL(nop);
            }

            static inline void S() { }
        };

    // end states advance the input or output
    template <>
        struct E<true> {
            static inline void P(TPAR) {
                IGNORE(i);
                ++o;
            }

            static inline void U(TPAR) {
                IGNORE(o);
                ++i;
            }

            static inline void S() {
                cout << "    EE ();" << endl;
            }
        };

    template <cuint n, cuint prev, cuint current, cuint next>
        struct W {
// WX = execute single step
// WE = end at alignment 0 (mod 32)
#define WX X<n, current, before, after>
#define WE E<end>
            // dirty state before and after the W routine
            static cbool before = (current == 0 || prev < current);
            static cbool end = (next == 0);
            static cbool after = (end || current < next);

            static inline void P (TPAR) {
                TCALL(WX::P);
                TCALL(WE::P);
            }

            static inline void U (TPAR) {
                TCALL(WX::U);
                TCALL(WE::U);
            }

            static inline void S () {
                WX::S();
                WE::S();
            }
        };

    // recursive metaprogram; assumes 0th step is specialized
    template <cuint n, cuint step>
        struct R {
// RR = recursion
// RW = does the work for this step
#define RR R<n, (step - 1)>
#define RW W<n, prev, current, next>
            static cuint prev = ((step - 1) * n) % 32U;
            static cuint current = (step * n) % 32U;
            static cuint next = ((step + 1) * n) % 32U;

            static inline void P (TPAR) {
                TCALL(RR::P);
                TCALL(RW::P);
            }

            static inline void U (TPAR) {
                TCALL(RR::U);
                TCALL(RW::U);
            }

            static inline void S () {
                RR::S ();
                RW::S ();
            }
        };

// each bit size recurses from 31 to 0
#define FR(n) R<n, 31>
#define SPECIALIZE_R(n) \
    void p##n (PARAMS) { TCALL(FR(n)::P); } \
    void u##n (PARAMS) { TCALL(FR(n)::U); } \
    void s##n () { FR(n)::S(); } \
    template<> struct R <(n), 0> { \
        static inline void P (TPAR) { PCC (n, 0); } \
        static inline void U (TPAR) { UCC (n, 0); } \
        static inline void S () { \
             cout << "    CC (" << n << ", 0);" << endl; } };

    // primarily defines {p,u}{1..31}
    FOREACH_1to31(SPECIALIZE_R)

    // {p,u}32 calls slowcpy
    static void slowcpy (PARAMS) {
        for (int j = 0; j < 32; ++j)
            *o++ = *i++;
    }

    void p32(PARAMS) {
        TCALL(slowcpy);
    }

    void u32(PARAMS) {
        TCALL(slowcpy);
    }

    void s32() {
        for (int j = 0; j < 32; ++j)
            cout << "    *o++ = *i++;" << endl;
    }
}

namespace switchfns {
// pack and unpack switch functions call the recursive metaprograms
#define CASE_P(n) case (n): do { TCALL(metaprog::p##n); return; } while(0);
#define CASE_U(n) case (n): do { TCALL(metaprog::u##n); return; } while(0);
#define CASE_S(n) case (n): do { metaprog::s##n(); return; } while (0);
#define DEF_SWITCH(fname, cases) \
    void fname (PARAMS, cuint bit) { \
        switch (bit) { \
            FOREACH_1to32 (cases); \
            default: die("invalid case"); } }

    DEF_SWITCH(pack, CASE_P)
    DEF_SWITCH(unpack, CASE_U)

    void spec (cuint bit) {
        switch (bit) {
            FOREACH_1to32 (CASE_S);
        default:
            die("invalid case");
        }
    }
}

#ifdef BENCH
namespace bench {
    struct ZTimer {
        struct timeval t1, t2;

        ZTimer() : t1(), t2() {
            reset();
        }

        int elapsed () {
            return ((t2.tv_sec - t1.tv_sec) * 1000) +
                   ((t2.tv_usec - t1.tv_usec) / 1000);
        }

        void reset () {
            gettimeofday (&t1, 0);
            t2 = t1;
        }

        int split () {
            gettimeofday (&t2, 0);
            return elapsed ();
        }
    };

    NOINLINE void fast_pack (cvuint & i, vuint & o, cuint bit) {
        cuint N = i.size () / 32;
        for (uint k = 0; k < N; ++k)
            switchfns::pack (&i[0] + 32 * k,
                &o[0] + (32 * bit) * k / 32, bit);
    }

    NOINLINE void fast_unpack (cvuint & i, vuint & o, cuint bit) {
        cuint N = o.size () / 32;
        for (uint k = 0; k < N; ++k)
            switchfns::unpack (&i[0] + (32 * bit) * k / 32,
                &o[0] + 32 * k, bit);
    }

    bool validate (cvuint & i, cvuint & o, cuint bit) {
        if (bit == 32)
            return i == o;
        cuint N = i.size ();
        for (uint k = 0; k < N; ++k)
            if (MASK(i[k], bit) != MASK(o[k], bit)) {
                cerr << " Error at k = " << k << " i[k]= " << i[k]
                     << " o[k]=" << o[k] << endl;
                return false;
            }
        return true;
    }

    vuint generateArray (cuint N) {
        vuint ans (N);
        for (uint k = 0; k < N; ++k)
            ans[k] = rand ();
        return ans;
    }

    void simplebenchmark (cuint N = 1U << 26, cuint T = 5) {
        ZTimer z;
        cvuint data = generateArray (N);
        vuint compressed (N, 0), recovered (N, 0);
        cout << "bits" << "\t" << "pack" << "\t" << "unpack" << endl;
        for (uint bit = 1; bit <= 32; ++bit) {
            double packtime = 0, unpacktime = 0;
            for (uint t = 0; t < T; ++t) {
                compressed.clear ();
                compressed.resize (N * bit / 32, 0);
                recovered.clear ();
                recovered.resize (N, 0);
                z.reset ();
                fast_pack (data, compressed, bit);
                packtime += z.split ();
                z.reset ();
                fast_unpack (compressed, recovered, bit);
                unpacktime += z.split ();
                if (!validate (data, recovered, bit))
                    die("failed validation");
            }
            cout << bit << "\t" << packtime << "\t" << unpacktime << endl;
        }
    }
}
#endif

#ifdef SPECS
namespace specs {
    void print() {
        for (uint bit = 1; bit<= 32; ++bit) {
            cout << "SPEC(" << bit << ") {" << endl;
            switchfns::spec(bit);
            cout << "}" << endl;
        }
    }
}
#endif

#ifdef MAIN
int main () {
#ifdef SPECS
    specs::print();
#endif
#ifdef BENCH
    bench::simplebenchmark ();
#endif
    return 0;
}
#endif