In two countries, Japan and New Zealand, membership rates are higher than coverage rates. This 
pattern appears to arise from a feature of ICTWSS adjusted coverage rate data that we use here. As 
mentioned in the review of the ICTWSS data in the preceding section, the adjusted coverage rate is 
calculated after excluding from the calculation workers who are not legally entitled to collective 
bargaining (for example, some public-sector workers in some countries). As a result the workforce 
used in the coverage calculation can, in some cases, be smaller than the workforce used in the 
membership calculation (which includes all wage and salary employees).