Warframe planets and what materials you find there
 
-Mercury-
Morphics
Ferrite
Polymer Bundle
 
-Venus-
Alloy Plate
Polymer Bundle
Circuits
 
-Earth-
Ferrite
Rubedo
Neurodes -      More likely to drop off the Everest boss
 
-Mars-
Morphics
Salvage
Gallium
 
-Jupiter-
Salvage
Circuits
Neural Sensors  -       More likely to drop off the Themisto boss
 
-Saturn-
Nano spores
Plastids
Orokin cell
 
-Uranus-
Polymer Bundle
Plastids
Gallium
 
-Neptune-
Nano spores
Ferrite
Control Module  -       More likely to drop off the Psamathe boss
 
-Pluto-
Rubedo
Morphics
Plastid
 
 
                                Warframe part locations
                                Mostly stolen from the forums
 
Planet: Mercury
Level: Tolstoj
Boss: Captain Vor
Faction: Grineer
Drops: Cronus longsword
 
Planet: Venus
Level: Fossa
Boss: The Jackal
Faction: Corpus
Drops: Rhino Warframe Blueprint Parts
 
Planet: Earth
Level: Everest
Boss: Counceler Van Dek
Faction: Grineer
Drops: Trinity Warframe Blueprint Parts
 
Planet: Mars
Level: War
Boss: Sargent Nef Anyo
Faction: Grineer
Drop: Mag Warframe Blueprint Parts
 
Planet: Jupiter
Level: Themisto
Boss: The Golem
Faction: Infected
Drops: Volt Warframe Blueprint Parts, Dark Dagger, Ceramic Dagger
 
Planet:  Saturn
Level: Thetys
Boss: General Sargas Ruk
Faction: Grineer
Drop: Ember Warframe Blueprint Parts
 
Planet:  Uranus
Level: Titania
Boss: Tyl Regar
Faction: Grineer
Drop: Ash Warframe Blueprint Parts
 
Planet: Neptune
Level: Psamathe
Boss: The Hyena
Faction: Corpus
Drops: Rhino Warframe Blueprint Parts
 
Planet: Pluto
Level: Hades
Boss: Arn Etina
Faction: Corpus
Drop: Excalibur Warframe Blueprint Parts, Dark Sword, Plasma Sword, Jaw Sword, Pangolin Sword, Heat Sword