import java.io.IOException;

import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		Locale.setDefault(Locale.US);
		Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

		int N = sc.nextInt();
		List<Boolean> lista = new ArrayList<Boolean>();
		int times = 1048575;
		for (int j = 0; j < times; j++) {
			lista.add(false);
		}

		for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {

			int D = sc.nextInt();
			int I = sc.nextInt();


			List<Boolean> list = new ArrayList<Boolean>(lista);




			int iterator = 1;


			for (int j = 0; j < I; j++) {
				iterator = 1;

				for (int j2 = 0; j2 < D; j2++) {
					boolean temp = list.get(iterator-1);
					list.set(iterator-1, !temp);
					if(j2 < D - 1){
					if(temp){
						iterator = 2 * iterator + 1;
					}else{
						iterator = (2 * iterator);
					}
					}


				}
			}

			System.out.println(iterator);


		}

		sc.nextInt();

	}

}