Untitled

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<parent>

<term>

Ben-Gurion, David

</term>

<definition>

Zionist pioneer, writer, politician, and defense and prime minister of Israel (1948-1953 and 1955-1963)

</definition>

 

<term>

Biqa' Valley

</term>

<definition>

Predominantly Shi'i valley in eastern Lebanon

</definition>

 

<term>

Tel Aviv

</term>

<definition>

Coastal city and commercial center in Israel

</definition>

 

<term>

Mubarak, Husni

</term>

<definition>

Egypt's president (1981-)

</definition>

 

<term>

al-Asad, Hafiz

</term>

<definition>

President of Syria (1970-2000); his son, Bashar (ba_SHAR) al-Asad succeeded him

</definition>

 

<term>

National Religious Party

</term>

<definition>

Largest party of observant Jews in Israel

</definition>

 

<term>

Likud Party

</term>

<definition>

Coalition of Israel's right-wing parties, in power from 1977 to 1984, in coalition with Labor (1984-1990) and with the religious parties (1990-1992 and 1996-)

</definition>

 

<term>

Revisionist Party

</term>

<definition>

Right-wing Zionist movement founded by Jabotinsky

</definition>

 

<term>

Jewish Agency

</term>

<definition>

Organization set up under the Palestine mandate to work with Britain toward the Jewish national home; later charged with aiding Jewish immigration and absorption into Israel

</definition>

 

<term>

Olim

</term>

<definition>

Jewish immigrants to Israel

</definition>

 

<term>

Hizballah

</term>

<definition>

Religious Shi'i party in Lebanon

</definition>

 

<term>

Sharon, Ariel

</term>

<definition>

Israeli general and war minister during Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon

</definition>

 

<term>

Irgun, Stern Gang

</term>

<definition>

Zionist group, also called Lehi, which broke with the Irgun and committed guerrilla acts in Palestine up to 1949

</definition>

 

<term>

Mapai Party

</term>

<definition>

Israel's moderate labor party

</definition>

 

<term>

Meir, Golda

</term>

<definition>

Israel's prime minister (1969-1974)

</definition>

 

<term>

Palestinian

</term>

<definition>

Inhabitant of Palestine; now the term used for Arabs who live in Palestine, came from there, or descend from emigrants from that land

</definition>

 

<term>

Ba'th Party

</term>

<definition>

Arab nationalist and socialist party ruling Syria since the 1960s and Iraq (1968-2003)

</definition>

 

<term>

Intifada

</term>

<definition>

Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation (1987-1990)

</definition>

 

<term>

Desert Storm

</term>

<definition>

U.S. name for the multinational operation that attacked Iraq and drove its troops from Kuwait in 1991

</definition>

 

<term>

Passfield White Paper

</term>

<definition>

British official report blaming both Jews and Arabs for the 1929 Wailing Wall riots in Palestine

</definition>

 

<term>

Aswan

</term>

<definition>

(1) City in Upper Egypt; (2) site of the High Dam, built for Egypt by the USSR (1958-1970)

</definition>

 

<term>

Shatt al-Arab

</term>

<definition>

Confluence of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, contested in Iran-Iraq War

</definition>

 

<term>

Iran-Iraq War

</term>

<definition>

Ideological and territorial conflict between Iran and Iraq (1980-1988)

</definition>

 

<term>

Ashkenazim

</term>

<definition>

Jews whose recent ancestors came from Eastern or Central Europe

</definition>

 

<term>

Hamas

</term>

<definition>

Palestinian Islamist group

</definition>

 

<term>

Dayan, Moshe

</term>

<definition>

Israeli general and political leader (1915-1981)

</definition>

 

<term>

Fidaiyin

</term>

<definition>

Commandos, or people who sacrifice themselves for a cause, often applied to Palestinians fighting against Israel or to militant Shi'is

</definition>

 

<term>

Biltmore Program

</term>

<definition>

American Zionist resolution in 1942 openly demanding a Jewish state in Palestine

</definition>

 

<term>

Camp David Accords

</term>

<definition>

(1) U.S. president's vacation home in northern Maryland; (2) site of intensive peace talks by Begin, Carter, and Sadat in September 1978; (3) adjective applied to the Egyptian-Israeli accords or to the 1979 peace treaty

</definition>

 

<term>

Pogrom

</term>

<definition>

Organized massacre of Jews

</definition>

 

<term>

Nationalism

</term>

<definition>

(1) Desire of a group of people to preserve or obtain common statehood; (2) ideology stressing loyalty to the nation-state or seeking independence of a national group

</definition>

 

<term>

Sabra & Shatila

</term>

<definition>

(1) Jewish native of Israel; (2) Beirut refugee camp, site of Palestinian massacre in 1982

</definition>

 

<term>

United Nations Relief and Works Agency

</term>

<definition>

International organization providing aid and education to Palestinian refugees since 1949

</definition>

 

<term>

Peel Commission

</term>

<definition>

British committee that visited Palestine in 1937 and first recommended partition into Jewish and Arab states

</definition>

 

<term>

Arab Legion

</term>

<definition>

Former name of the army of Transjordan (and Jordan)

</definition>

 

<term>

Jewish National Fund

</term>

<definition>

Zionist land-purchasing and development agency in Palestine/ Israel, founded in 1901

</definition>

 

<term>

Kibbutz

</term>

<definition>

Jewish settlement in Israel, initially agricultural, now mainly industrial, in which most property is collectively owned kilometer 101: Site of Egyptian-Israeli military talks following 1973 war

</definition>

 

<term>

Nationalist Party

</term>

<definition>

Syria's main party after World War II

</definition>

 

<term>

Iran-Contra Affair

</term>

<definition>

Reagan administration's arms sales to Iran to secure release of American hostages in Lebanon and donation of the proceeds to aid Contra insurgents in Nicaragua

</definition>

 

<term>

Al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali

</term>

<definition>

Leader of the 1941 Arab nationalist government in Iraq, overthrown by the British

</definition>

 

<term>

Al-Husayni, Hajj Amin

</term>

<definition>

Mufti of Jerusalem and early Palestinian nationalist leader

</definition>

 

<term>

al-Fatah

</term>

<definition>

Palestinian guerrilla group founded by Yasir Arafat

</definition>

 

<term>

Arafat, Yasir

</term>

<definition>

Palestinian Arab nationalist, founder of al-Fatah, PLO chairman, and Palestinian Authority's president (1996-2004)

</definition>

 

<term>

Separation-of-Forces Agreement

</term>

<definition>

Kissinger's formula to secure Israel's withdrawal from some lands taken in the October War

</definition>

 

<term>

Saddam Husayn

</term>

<definition>

Iraq's president (1979-), who began the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and invaded Kuwait in 1990, leading to Operation Desert Storm in 1991

</definition>

 

<term>

Desert Shield

</term>

<definition>

U.S. name for the multinational military buildup in Saudi Arabia opposing Iraq's occupation of Kuwait

</definition>

 

<term>

Positive Neutralism

</term>

<definition>

Nasir's policy of not siding with either the communist countries or the West but seeking to reconcile the two blocs

</definition>

 

<term>

Knesset

</term>

<definition>

Israel's unicameral legislature

</definition>

 

<term>

Haganah

</term>

<definition>

Jewish Agency's army in Palestine (1920-1948)

</definition>

 

<term>

Abbas, Mahmud

</term>

<definition>

Palestinian prime minister (2003) and president (2005-)

</definition>

 

<term>

Mostaz'afan

</term>

<definition>

People who have been dispossessed as a result of westernizing policies

</definition>

 

<term>

Bernadotte, Folke

</term>

<definition>

Swedish UN mediator, murdered during the 1948 Palestine war

</definition>

 

<term>

Sadat, Anwar

</term>

<definition>

President of Egypt (1970-1981)

</definition>

 

<term>

Rabin, Yitzhak

</term>

<definition>

Israeli prime minister (1974-1977 and 1992-1995)

</definition>

 

<term>

Gush Emunim

</term>

<definition>

Bloc of the Faithful; group of religiously observant Israeli settlers on the West Bank

</definition>

 

<term>

Port Said

</term>

<definition>

Egyptian city at which the Suez Canal meets the Mediterranean

</definition>

 

<term>

Eilat

</term>

<definition>

Israel's port on the Gulf of Aqaba

</definition>

 

<term>

Bar Lev Line

</term>

<definition>

Israel's defense line east of the Suez Canal breached by Egypt in October 1973

</definition>

 

<term>

Attrition, War of

</term>

<definition>

Artillery and air struggle between Egypt and Israel (1969-1970)

</definition>

 

<term>

Begin, Menachem

</term>

<definition>

Leader of Israel's right-wing Likud coalition and prime minister (1977-1983)

</definition>

 

<term>

Bin Laden, Osama

</term>

<definition>

Leader of al-Qa'ida, originally from Saudi Arabia, operating in Afghanistan until 2001

</definition>

 

<term>

Phalanges

</term>

<definition>

Paramilitary organization dedicated to preserving Maronite Christian dominance in Lebanon

</definition>

 

<term>

Aliya

</term>

<definition>

Jewish immigration to Israel

</definition>

 

<term>

Haskala

</term>

<definition>

Era of Jewish enlightenment during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

</definition>

 

<term>

Revolutionary Guards

</term>

<definition>

Iranian-organized Islamic guerrilla movement active in various Middle Eastern countries

</definition>

 

<term>

Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah

</term>

<definition>

Leader of Iranian revolution (1978-1979) and faqih (1979-1989)

</definition>

 

<term>

Anti-Semitism

</term>

<definition>

Popular term for prejudice against or persecution of Jews

</definition>

 

</parent>