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History in a Nutshell – Krishna Choudhary

 

OLD, OLD STUFF

FOUNDATIONS (Big Bang – 600 AD)

 

I.The Neolithic Revolution

1.transition from foraging (hunting gathering) to settlement

2.slash and burn: slash the bark, burn the trees, plant, eat, move on

3.people settled, decorated homes, there was a specialization of labor

4.first metal was copper, then came bronze (Cu+Sn). Gold for jewelry

5.cities emerged, new occupations: (administrators, tax collectors,…)

II.Early Civilizations

A.Mesopotamia: land between rivers

1.Sumerians settled, 1st example of writing: cuniform, base 60 number system

2.built ziggurats, towers of worship

3.wrote Epic of Gilgamesh

4.patriarchal society

5.Sumer fell to Babylon. Hammurabi compiled laws into his code.

B.Egypt: Gift of Nile

1.Menes unifies

2.ruled by pharaohs, kings believed to be devine

3.polytheistic religion

4.pictograph writing: hieroglyphics

C.Indus Valley

1.Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro

2.streets laid out in grid

3.religion is all about fertility

D.Shang China

1.earliest dynasty built on Huang He

2.used bronze a lot

3.Chinese writing evident in oracle bones

4.before, society was matrilineal, now it was about men

5.fell to Zhou, who had idea of “Mandate of Heaven”

E.Americas

1.first came the Olmecs

2.Then came the Mayans

3.had calendars, believed that god would come down to rule

4.built pyramids

5.In South America, The Chavin cult took shape

III.The Classics

A.China! China!

1.three dynasties ruled

2.Zhou

i.standardized language

ii.expanded to Yangtze

3.Qin

i.First Emperor: Shi Huangdi

ii.built Great Wall

4.Han

i.government bureaucracy/  civil service exam; peace ho!

ii.trade on Silk Roads ;government oversaw Fe production

B.INDIA!

1.Aryan invasion

i.came from Caspian Sea area

ii.Wrote the Vedas

iii.Mix with brownies made Hinduism

iv.Social stratification in 4 varnas based on brown-ness

2.Classical India

i.Alex the G. made it to India but turned back

ii.Mauryan empire established

iii.Ashoka was ruthless, yet turned to Buddhism after Kalinga

3.Gupta

i.golden age

ii.religious tolerance

iii.decimal system, inoculation, other good curry stuff

C.Persia

1.Cyrus conquered a shitload of territory

2.religion: Zoroastrianism; first type of monotheistic belief

3.They had roads

D.Greece

1.fragmented, can’t really unify

2.polis; city states. Each were independent

3.Two big ones: Athens and Sparta!

4.Sparta: 300

5.Athens: democracy

6.Persian Wars, beginning of History: Herodotus

7.Pellopenisian Wars, Sparta Won. But all lost to Macedonia

8.Olympics were played here, lots of Drama

9.Lots of philosopher people: SPA

E.Alex the G.

1.Dad Phillip came over and took over Greece after Peloponnesian Wars

2.took over a shitload of places, all the way to Punjab!

3.dyed a drunk man

4.started Hellenistic Age; there was blend in cultures

5.philosophy: Stoicism

6.Math was made: geometry, a2+b2=c2, calculated circumference of earth

F.Rome

1.Etruscans ruled monarchy. Romans revolted established republic. Went to Empire

2.Augustus Caesar killed people after Caesar’s death, created Pax Romana

3.public works, roads, running water, coins, Jews!, and Jesus

4.Senate used to rule. Not any more. laws were codified into Justinian’s Twelve Tables.

i.innocent until proven guilty

ii.confront accuser

iii. judge can veto unjust law

5.borrowed a lot from the Greeks

6.fought Punic Wars with Phoenician Carthage

7.Gender: women sometimes owned stuff, polis slaves were agriculture people

IV.Religion

A.Hinduism

1.fusion of Aryan and Dravidian values

2.The trinity; Brahman the eternal soul

3.reincarnation, or samsara, according to your karma and dharma

4.cycle goes on to moksha

B.Buddha!

1.Gautama, prince who wants bliss

2.4 noble truths, eightfold path

3.nirvana can be achieved through meditation (bodhisattvas)

C.Confucianism

1.came out of Warring States Period

2.filial piety: patriarchal family and ancestor worship

3.Confucius compiles the Analects

D.Daoism

1.harmony with nature

2.Dao: “the way”

3.yin and yang

E.Judaism

1.monotheistic Hebrews, borrowed from Zoros

2.Moses gets 10 commandments

3.covenant, or agreement, with God and Abraham; Yahweh is god and Jews are people

4.Torah: Jew holy book

5.Diaspora: Assyrians and Romans spread them out

F.Christianity

1.Jesus claims to be Jews Messiah; has 12 disciples

2.Jews don’t believe him, gets killed

3.missionaries spread words; Paul of Taurus

4.Christians get owned by Romans

5.Constantine’s Edict of Milan legalized the faith

6.Theodosius make it official

7.organized pope and bishop.

V.Interactions

A.Decline of Empires

1.Han 220 CE

i.Heavy Taxes, famine, disease, decline in trade, unequal land distribution

ii.Xiong-nu come in from the north and own the place

iii.Lots of Disorder after (warring States)

2.Rome 476 CE

i.bad emperors, famine, greedy generals (Barack emperors)

ii.economic decline, land was sold to latifundia, owners of large estates

iii.Huns, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, come in and own the place

iv.very similar to Han

v.Eastern Rome stayed

3.Gupta

i.local princes became powerful

ii.White Huns came in and owned

iii.regional rule went on

4.Africa

i.Under Egypt was Kush

ii.defeated by Christian Axum.

iii.Trade with Rome went on

iv.trans-saharan trade; camel saddle developed; from Arabia to Sahara

B.Silk Roads: linked China, India, and Europe; extensive trade, E-W axis

 

 

 

REALLY OLD STUFF

PERIOD 2 (600 AD – 1450 AD)

 

I.Islam

A.Muhammad (something to 632 CE)

1.merchant class who got vision from Gabriel that he was Allah’s prophet

2.flight from Mecca to Medina is called Hijra

3.organized followers into community known as umma

4.Went back to Mecca, went on pilgrimage known as hajj

B.The teachings

1.Islam means “submission” (to the will of Allah)

2.Christians and Jews are “people of the book”

3.Five Pillars: Faith, Prayer, Fasting (During Ramadan), Alms-giving: zakat, hajj

4.Qoran was compiled after Muhammad’s death

5.Hadith contains saying of Muhammad

6.Shariah: moral law; established political order and justice

C.The split

1.The umma chose Abu-Bakr after death as first caliph, or successor

2.Ali, Muhammad’s cousin, was 4th caliph

i.controversy arose

ii.assassinated

3.Shiite believe blood relation to prophet should be caliph

4.Sunni, big ones, believe caliph should be chosen from umma

D.Expansion

1.primarily through military conquest

2.included Arabia, Persia, Eastern Mediterranean, Central Asia, North Africa, Iberia

3.The Berbers were big on Islam

4.Mali: the city of Timbuktu became big on trade

5.Could not spread to Etheopian Axum

E.The Umayyad Caliphate

1.Came after Ali’s assassination

2.capital at Damascus

3.emphasized Arab ethnicity, converts to Islam were inferior

4.rulers lived luxuriously

5.got owned by the Abbasids, one guy managed to escape and go to Iberia

F.The Abbasid Caliphate

1.capital at Baghdad

2.converts were considered equals

3.Trade was big

4.New architecture: Minaretes topped Mosques

5.Mystics called Sufis focused on emotional union with Allah; first missionaries

6.Sultanate of Persia took over

7.Then came Sunni Seljuk Turks; they kept caliph as figurehead

G.Other Places

1.An-andalus (Spain)

i.preserved Greco Roman thought, had huge library, lots of developments

ii.Tried to take Europe, stopped at Battle of Tours by Charles Martel

2.Delhi Sultanate and SE Asia

i.first intro of Islam in India; not a lot converted;

ii.some low castes and Buddhists

iii.Islam got stronghold in Indonesia when merchants arrived

3.Africa

i.brought by spirit of jihad, or holy war

ii.merchants brought message to sub-saharan Africa

iii.rulers of Ghana and Mali (Mansa Musa) converted

iv.Ibn-Battuta said that E African city states were also Islamic

4.The Mamluks

i.provided force to make Egypt center of Muslim stuff

ii.insured security of trade; brought prosperity

H.Science: Lots of good stuff, Algebra, Avicenna the medic

I.People

1.Women

i.veils were required after contact with middle-eastern people

ii.harems originated in Abbasid

iii.allowed one husband

iv.however, women were more equal

a.no female infanticide

b.right to own property

c.divorce and remarry

2.Slaves

i.Shariah forbade slavery of Muslims

ii.if slaves converted, they would be freed

iii.not hereditary

II.Asia

A.China

1.Sui 580 AD: not so good, really short

2.Tang

i.conquered central Asia and places; imposed tributary system

ii.built Great Wall with forced labor; pointless

iii.scholar-gentry bureaucrats

iv.Buddhism started to own, Tang imposed restrictions

v.internal rebellion made it decline; stupid nomads came again

vi.Achievements: junks went to sea, flying money made trade easier, Grand Canal

3.Song (900’s – 13th century)

i.tried to control the Khitan, got owned; pay tribute to ensure not security

ii.civil service exams

iii.Chan Buddhism: stressed simplicity and meditation

iv.Neo Confucianism

a.Buddhism and Confucianism went into Fermilab

b.respect for authority and family; rulers like it

c.reinforced gender and class distinctions

v.Emphasized scholar-gentry, not military, vulnerable to Khitan

vi.Tributes were expensive, burdened peasants

vii.North got owned by Jurchens; Thrived in the south (Yangtze River)

viii.Achievements: abacus, footbinding popularized, catapults and other stuff

4.China influenced a lot of places

B.Japan

1.Buddhism mixed with Shinto to make syncretism

2.Aristocrats rebelled against Chinese influence, led to the making of large estates

3.Heian Period: noble family who attained power was ruler; emperor was figurehead

4.Feudalism

i.Local lords began own military, countryside got fortresses and walls

ii.the small states were led by bushi

iii.The military had warriors called samurai; they had sick swords

a.their code was bushido

b.practise of seppuku, a form of suicide

iv.powerful families, like Fujiwara, allied themselves

v.Gempei Wars placed peasants against samurai

vi.Minamoto established bakufu, or military government: 1200

vii.emperor remained, but had no real power

5.The Shogunate

i.authority lay in hands of families who controlled shoguns, military leaders

ii.civil disorder lessened power of both the shogunate and emperor

iii.vacuum let bushi get land and divide it among samurai

iv.300 kingdoms, each ruled by daimyo, or warlord

v.some daiymo’s collected taxes for public projects

vi.trade rose, led to common currency

vii.art: tea ceremonies and beautiful gardens developed

C.Korea

1.heavily influenced by China: language, culture, literature

2.Tang owned everyone who was against China; Silla Kingdom could stand up

3.Tang Withdrew so Silla paid tribute

4.performed kowtow, ritual bow, to Chinese emperor

5.modified porcelain to make celadon

6.Got owned by Mongols

D.Vietnam: influenced by Chinese, conquered by Han, adopted rice-paddy farming

E.India

1.Kingdom of Vijayanagar established on coast of India

2.Gujarat rebelled against Delhi Sultanate

3.Malabar City of Calicut was major trading center

F.SE Asia

1.Khmer Civilization in Cambodia: made Angkor Wat; influenced by India

2.In Indonesia, Srivijayan Empire took shape; made Borobudur; Islam came after

3.Melaka, situated on strait, was prosperous; Portuguese conquered it

G.Polynesian Migrations

1.tribe based; animistic religion

2.outrigger canoes allowed them to travel vast distances over open water

3.Migration cause is unknown; environmental necessity kept them going

4.They settled Easter Island; built giant head statues

5.The Maori settled in New Zealand; adapted to the environement

III.Europe

A.Politics and Economy

1.The Manor and the Feud

i.As Rome declined, land was sold to large estate

ii.New system: manoralism: system of self sufficient estates

iii.Feudalism came after Vikings from Scandinavia attacked

a.nobles and landlords offered benefices to vassals

b.benefices: privileges

c.vassals, or military people, got grants of land, called fief

d.Knights were vassals, followed honor code called chivalry, did tournaments

e.serfs came lowest, very harsh life

f.ended when plague took out much of labor supply

2.Beginnings of Regional Government

i.Franks were first to start empire; Charlemagne was one of Carolingian Emperors

ii.called it “Holy Roman Empire”; total lie; delayed unification of Germany and Italy

3.Britain

i.The Norman Conquest brought French style feudalism

ii.to control tax policies of King John, nobles forced him to sign Magna Carta

iii.nobility got basic rights; first British parliament

iv.got divided into House of Lords and House of Commons

B.Economic Growth

1.The moldboard plow made crops grow more

2.knights became effective due to innovation in stirrup

3.landlords sometimes paid serfs

4.Vikings stopped owning the place, they settled down

5.France established palace schools

C.Conflicts

1.Hundred Years War 1300-1400; France Won; helped by Joan of Arc

2.Reconquista: Spain Wanted to take back its lands from the Muslims

3.Crusades

i.Pope Urban wants to take back Holy Land

ii.4 Crusades

iii.Lots of stuff is introduced to Western Europe

iv.Venetian merchants looted Constantinople; suggested rivalry

4.Church vs. State

i.priests  and monks wanted land, not God

ii.conflict over investiture, when monarchs appointed bishops

iii.Pope Gregory II vs Henry IV: Pope excommunicates Henry, Henry offers confession

iv.Pope got upper hand

5.Church vs. Church 1054

i.Great Schism: produced Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox

ii.Catholic Church preserved Medieval Society by providing a uniting force for people

iii.Holy Inquisition established to hunt down heretics and people who wrote against church

D.Women

1.they held traditional roles

2.chivalry reinforced male dominance, but had respect for women

3.Convents and Nunneries offered some role in community

E.High Middle Ages

1.Gothic Architecture: Spires, Huge Windows

2.Strengthening of States: Hundred Years War increased power of France and Britain

3.Trade and Banking

IV.Trade and Exchange

A.The Mongols

1.Society

i.Really good horsemen, nomads who grazed livestock, masters of the short bow

ii.bsic unit was tribe; in warfare, they joined

iii.Mongol women had right to speak in council

iv.steppe diplomacy: elimination of rivals by joining others

v.Genghis Khan united Mongolian tribes (Khan: ultimate ruler)

2.Impact on Russia: 1250

i.cities, like Kiev, were burned to the ground

ii.set up empire called Golden Horde; Moscow benefited: it collected tributes

iii.Russia became isolated from the Renaissance;

iv.They never got to Europe  

3.Impact on Persia: 1250

i.Sacked Baghdad, killed Caliph, owned the entire place

ii.Seljuk Turks got owned too, resulting power vacuum led to Ottoman Empire

iii.Got owned by a bunch of Gay Mamluks

4.China! China! 1200

i.Kublai Khan conquered all of China and established Yuan Dynasty

ii.very racist towards Chinese, although there was religious tolerance

iii.Foreigners were welcome, Marco Polo came in

iv.Tried to get at Japan, kamakazi winds stopped them

5.Their impact as a whole

i.peace and stability promoted exchange of products

ii.also spread bubonic plague, in Europe, its called Black Death

iii.with decrease in Mongol dominance, Timurlane. He was brutal.

B.Sub-Saharan Africa

1.Bantu: Really Old People

i.2000 BC. They lived near Nigeria. Started migration with banana and hoe.

ii.Worked on Iron. Got banana from Madagascar, who speak Oceanic language

iii.Bantu + Arabic = Swahili.

iv.stateless societies emerged as political organization for the Bantu

v.no writing, oral tradition was preserved by storytellers called griots

vi.centered around the age grade, where people were divided by age

vii.Religion was animistic (rocks and rivers have spirits)

a.also called shamanism

viii.Women were childbearers, highly respected, shared in farming, trade, even military

2.Western and Central Africa

i.Ghana

a.profited from salt and gold trade

b.there was also iron and copper

c.fell because food production failed to meet demand

ii.Zimbabwe

a.stone city called “Great Zimbabwe”

b.Traded all the way to Persia

C.Indian Ocean Trade:

1.China

i.Ming Emperors sponsored Trade across Indian Ocean

ii.Sought Middle Kingdom; led by Zhen He.

iii.Cost crowded up, cancelled expeditions, records were burned

iv.Used Money for building Beijing; started to isolate itself

2.African City States: Mombasa, Kilwa, traded a lot with India and China

i.Lots of Muslims lived there; lots of ethnic mixing (even Indonesians); Spoke Swahili

D.Transformation in Western Europe

1.Before the Renaissance

i.Trade with China meant learning of Chinese advancement

ii.Hanseatic League controlled trade in the Baltic

iii.Trade was organized in medieval Europe by the Guild system

iv.Black Death came; people suspected of witchcraft

v.Latin was Europe’s Language and Learning; Gutenberg invented the printing press

2.The Renaissance

i.city states of northern Italy started learning Greco-Roman thought

ii.rebirth of learning owed its beginning to Cordoba, Spain

iii.Italy was also wealthy and fragmented; led to competition

iv.focused on life rather than afterlife

v.painting used perspective and a great variety of colors

vi.Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rafaelo, Brunelleschi, Machiavelli.

3.Exploration: started with Atlantic islands; lateen sail, with steer able rudder, contributed

E.Oceania

1.Polynesian Islands were cut off from the rest

2.Used canoes to get to places

3.The Maori went to New Zealand, adapted to the colder climate

4.had a class system with slaves

V. The Americas

A.Before the Big Ones

1.Toltecs

i.nomadic peoples who moved into central mexico

ii.Their empire was in the Yucatan

iii.traded with the Anasazi people of southwestern US

2.Mississippian

i.commonly called Moundbuilders, because they built mounds

ii.settled on Ohio and Miss. rivers

iii.some historians say Maya and Miss. were connected

B.The Aztecs

1.also called Mexica, nomads who built Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake (Texcoco)

2.fashioned chinampas, platforms of vines where they put soil

3.They became dominant; very militaristic; religion included human sacrifice for the sun

4.stratified society; organized into clans, or calpulli, later began to engulf neighbors

5.women who died in childbirth were like dead soldiers; they could inherit property and stuff

C.Incas

1.built in the Andes, they mastered the integration of diverse peoples into their empire

2.conquered the Chimor of the west coast by taking over irrigation

3.required subjects to pay mita, tributes in the form of labor on government-controlled land

4.unlike Aztecs, Incas were not very harsh on their subject peoples

5.capital of Cuzco, big city, lots of people; also, Machu Picchu

6.records were kept through system of knots and cords, known as quipus

7.dual system of roads

8.polytheistic religion, local deities were also worshipped

9.inheritance was passed on by parallel descent

10.economy was based on potato farmed on terrace farms

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

KINDA OLD STUFF

PERIOD 3 (1450 AD – 1750 AD)

I.Political Systems

A.The Iberian Empires 1492

1.Spain unified when Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile married

2.ended Reconquista of Spain, ended with capture of Granada

3.expelled all the Jews, collapsed economy, Spain wanted money, started to explore

4.Columbus thought world was round, wanted to get at India

B.Sub-Saharan Africa

1.Songhay and Kingo

i.Mohamed greatest leader on Songhay

ii.Kongo came into Central African Rain Forest

2.The Europeans

i.Portuguese came to find way to India

ii.The Asante Kingdom became powerful by getting muskets for slaves

iii.Some tribes raided villages for slaves

C.The Ottomans: one of the “gunpowder empires”

1.The Rise

i.When Mongols owned Seljuk Turks, power vacuum led to rise of Ottomans

ii.It centered in Anatolia and was named after Osman Bey, their leader

iii.1450: Ottomans take over Constantinople

2.The Peak 1500’s

i.Hagia Sophia church is made into a mosque

ii.Ottomans united the Arab world through conquest

iii.It was a big naval power

iv.Each religious group had a millet, or nation; had to pay extra tax

v.focused on warfare: armies are largely composed of Janissaries.

a.Christian boys who were captured and enslaved

b.sometimes, parents would give them to empire in hope of education

c.selection process: devshrime: placed boys with Turkish families to learn culture

d.Greatest military came under Sultan Suleiman

vi.Women

a.subordinate role; lower class had more freedom

b.upper class were in seclusion, had to wear veil

c.harem: had social structure; women could read Quran, some were respected

3.The Decline

i.Ottomans threatened Austrian capital of the Hapsburg Dynasty and put a siege on Vienna

ii.opportunity to add new territory ran out

iii.Taxes were raised by corrupt leaders

iv.inflation from Spanish silver imports affected Ottoman economy

v.fell behind in war tech

D.Mughal India

1.Babur comes in from Afghanistan and established Dynasty

2.Akbar: conquered, established bureaucracy, encouraged tolerance, abolished jizya

3.Women

i.Akbar encouraged widows to marry

ii.organized market days for women so that purdah, or seclusion, could not hinder them

iii.abolished sati

4.Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal

5.Cost of defense of the North led to decline.

6.Aurangzeb drained treasury. Practiced Intolerance; led to warlike nature of Sikhs

E.France and England

1.strong monarchies arose: strong armies, elaborate bureaucracy, high taxes

2.France

i.absolute monarchy arose

ii.stopped the convening of the Estates-General, or medieval parliament

iii.believed in the divine right of Kings, it was Gods will.

iv.Louis XIV, sun king, lived extravagantly at Versailles

3.Mercantilism: export more than you import, get colonies to provide raw materials

4.England

i.parliamentary monarchy arose

ii.limited the power of King, shared power with an elected assembly

iii.English Civil War: parliament kills the King over power

iv.Glorious Revolution: William becomes King after agreeing on Bill of Rights

v.parliament held the right to tax people

F.The nation-state

1.governs people who share culture

2.enjoys sovereignty and  has boundaries

3.developed bureaucracies for tax collection

G.Austria and Germany

1.The Habsburg family turned Holy Roman Empire into absolute monarchy

2.Turks did Siege of Vienna; thought they would will; got owned by European allies

3.Prussia became absolutist; Fredrick the Great beat Austria, France, Russia in 7 years war

H.The Russian Empire

1.After Mongols, it became a absolute monarchy

2.It had fallen behind. Tsars Ivan the Great and Terrible conquered.

3.Sent Cossacks into newly conquered territory

4.Death of Ivan the Terrible led to Romonov Dynasty when nobles, or boyars, elected him

5.Peter the Great

i.opened country to Western Influence

ii.Went to the West, acquired respect for the science, took craftsmen with him.

iii.Defeated Sweden and gained warm water port on Baltic Sea (St. Petersburg)

iv.Shaved beards, danced ballet, allowed women to attend public events

v.created secret police, continued serfdom; was not impressed by democracy

6.Catherine the Great

i.continued Westernization

ii.brought in ideas of Enlightenment: reduced punishments, reviewed justice, added territory

I.Ming China

1.Founded by a warlord who helped expel Mongols

2.Changes

i.position of scholar-gentry restored

ii.civil service exam comes back

iii.New Confucianism increased in influence

iv.eradication of anything that had to do with Yuan Dynasty

3.Sponsored Zhen He’s expeditions; later cancelled and burned records

4.Jesuits came to China, brought technology and science

5.Practiced Isolation

6.Decline:

i. incompetent rulers,

ii.nomads came in, The Manchus of NE China came in

J.Japan 1600

1.Tokugawa family established a shogunate in Edo

2.The daimyo estates were broken up and taken over

3.Europeans brought firearms, helped Shogunate enforce order

4.Christians were persecuted; thought of a threat

5.Only Dutch were allowed to trade at Nagasaki; Dutch learning

6.Girls were very less valued; but some gained status as geishas

7.New form of drama: Kabuki theater

II.Exploration and Colonization of the Western Hemisphere

A.The Beginnings:

1.Explorers got the compass from China, helped a lot

2.Henry the Navigator claimed several Atlantic islands for Portugal

3.Thought of going to India by bypassing the greedy Muslims

4.Magellan, Portuguese, circumnavigates the globe

B.The Spanish Conquest of the Western Hemisphere

1.The Caribbean

i.Columbus established colony on Santo Domingo.

ii.Took over Cuba and Panama

iii.King granted natives as forced laborers to conquerors

2.Mexico 1530

i.Spaniard Cortez thought there was bunch of gold and good stuff

ii.People hated Aztecs, so they joined Spaniards

iii.Aztecs thought White Man was God or something

iv.Spain had weapons and an interpreter

v.Spain had smallpox that eradicated native population

vi.End Result: Aztecs got owned

3.Americas 1530

i.Pizzaro conquered already weak Inca Empire

ii.Coronado goes up all the way to Kansas in search of Gold

iii.Buenos- Aires established in Argentina

iv.Silver goes to China via Manila Galleons

v.Jesuits and other Christians established missions to spread faith

4.Treaty of Tordesillas: papal decree dividing Spanish from Portuguese by drawing line on globe

5.Spain controlled massive bureaucracy from Iberia via Council of Indies.

a.further divided into two parts: Mexico City and Lima, Peru

6.Economic Structure:

i. encomienda system: grants from crown that allowed owners to exploit natives

ii.In Peru, this system took the form of the mita, or forced labor in the Ag mines

iii.After some priest spoke out against mistreatment, it was restructured

iv.rreparimento system: there was now a salary

7.Society

i.Stratification

a.Peninsulares: colonists from Europe

b.Criollos: Colonists born in the Americas. They became independence people

c.Mestizos: people of mixed European and Indian ancestry

d.Mulattos: people of mixed European and African ancestry

e.Zambos: Africans and Indians

ii.Women

a.society was patriarchal

b.devoted themselves to traditional duties

c.but they could control their dowries and hold property

C.The Portuguese Conquest of the Americas

1.Brazil

i.first colony based on plantation economy

ii.Sugar plantations arose, used natives for labor. natives died, had to use slaves

iii.Gold mines used natives and slaves

iv.Roman Catholicism was important to Jesuit missionaries; hierarchy was like to Span’s

2.They also had trade outposts in Africa and Asia

D.The Other People

1.France:

i.Went up the Mississippi; stole Gulf Coast from Spain, called it Louisiana

ii.Established colony in Quebec, Canada, main priority was fur trade

2.The Dutch

i.They stole from the Portuguese the spice islands, Melaka, with Dutch East India Co.

ii. Established colony in Manhattan, New York

3.Russia

i.Bering Expedition surveyed Siberia and Alaska

ii.created Russian American Company and built fortresses in N California

4.The British

i.fought wars with Spain tying to get at treasure ships

ii.settlement of Jamestown for pilgrims from England came on the Mayflower

iii.With British East India Co., they seized Melaka and India

iv.They wanted genuinely permanent settlements

III.Hemispheric Exchange

A. Trading Companies

1.government gave regional monopoly to these companies

i.British East India Company: India and North America

ii.Dutch East India Company: Indonesia and Japan

2.Increased consumption of tea, coffee, and sugar

3.growth of commerce fostered growth of capitalism; private property

B.European Exploration 1500s

1.caravel, magnetic compass, other facilitated exploration

2.Portugal and Spain

i.Vasco de Gama rounds Africa and goes for India

ii.some random guy lands in Brazil, claims it as Portuguese

iii.Spanish guy Magellan rounds the world, gets Phillipines

3.The defeat of the Spanish Armada makes Britain most powerful in the world

4.France and Britain

i.Both go for N America try to find NW passage

ii.France goes up the River, Britain stays on coast

5.Dutch take out Portugal in Indonesia

C.The Columbian Exchange

1.exchange between hemispheres

2.West to East: Tobacco, potatoes, tomatoes, coffee, chocolate

3.East to West: Disease, livestock, wheat

D.Western Europeans granted privileges in Istanbul; they established factors, shipping service, in Russia

E.China only traded a little bit, and only for silver; Dutch made their own porcelain

F.Ottomans showed little enthusiasm for trade; Mughals wanted trade, but wanted expansion more

IV.Slavery

A.The Atlantic Slave Trade

1.The beginnings

i.Portugal saw slavery already there, wanted to get in on it

ii.interest increased with establishment of sugar plantations

iii.Portugal converted Kongo ruler; soon the lower commoners followed

iv.came into contact with Mali, Songhay

2.The Triangular Trade

i.Slaves went to the Americas-Goods went to Europe-Weapons went to Africa

ii.Middle Passage was especially gruesome

iii.Only 5% reached America

iv.All this inhumanity ended in America with Civil War

B.The E African Slave Trade

1.E African City States traded with interior regions for slaves

2.Many of these slaves went to the Middle East

3.Others were used on plantations in the Indian Ocean

4.Cape Colony needed slaves too

C.Effects: family life disrupted, population 50%, lessened development of Africa because of dependence

V.Cultural Reformation

A.Religious Reformation

1.Northern Renaissance characterized more religious devotion that Italian; Shakespeare was in

2.Protestant Reformation

i.Catholic Church authorized sale of indulgences, ensuring place in heaven for money

ii.Martin Luther wrote 95 theses

iii.believed salvation is attained through faith in Christ, or grace, not on Church

iv.He got excommunicated; printing led to spread of ideas

v.Germans became nationalistic, and they resented the Pope, so adopted Protestantism

vi.also led to commercial revolution

3.The Spread of Protestantism

i.Pope refused to annul his first marrige, so Henry VIII in England abandoned the church

ii.his daughter recognized the new religion

iii.John Calvin preached predestination, God had determined who would be saved

4.The Catholic Reformation

i.also called counter-reformation

ii.tried to sponsor religious art; giving birth to baroque movement

iii.The Council of Trent, a church assembly, abandoned indulgences

iv.The Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, served as missionary and educational arm

v.Lots of Religious Wars; battle of the Spanish Armada; Spain got owned

vi.Dutch got independence because they wanted to be Calvinist

B.Scientific Revolution

1.Copernicus proved the heliocentric theory; Galileo proved moons on Jupiter

2.Kepler established elliptical orbits; Newton described fundamental physics

3.Bacon advocated empirical research; Descartes encouraged skepticism

4.based on observations and carefully obtained data

C.The Enlightenment

1.Also called age of reason

2.revolution in thought about politics, economics, and society

3.the application of human reason to improve society

4.began with the philosophies, some followed Deism, God created earth and made natural law

5.Locke and Rousseau wrote of a social contract; govt. ruled from consent of governed

6.Adam Smith set forth Laissazfaire economics, where economic control is minimum

7.Women: gained a lot

i.upper classmen were gaining education

ii.Wollstonecraft wrote A vindication of the Rights of Women

NOT SO OLD STUFF

PERIOD 4 (1750 AD – 1914 AD)

I.Social Changes

A.The Industrial Revolution

1.was built on agricultural innovations, resulting in increased output

2.this made the enclosure movement, which made lots of landless farmers flocking to cities

3.English Government supported the movement

4.England had the factors of production: Land, Labor, Capital, and Entrepreneurship

5.The Spread

i.Belgium, France, and the US followed

ii.Russia

a.emancipated serfs

b.constructed Trans-Siberian rail; factories arrived, Russia made steel

iii.Japan

a.Commodore Perry, US, arrived in Japan with ships; Japan opened up

b.Japan chose new emperor: Meiji, or enlightened One

c.Meiji Restoration: ended feudalism, studied tech, abolished samurai

d.Rapid industrialization:, rail, steam, factories

e.private investors formed conglomerates called zaibatsu

f.yet remained dependent on west for raw material

g.Japan defeated China in Sino-Japanese War, Russia in Russo-Japanese War

h.annexed Korea

iv.Egypt

a.Muhammad Ali built military to combat Ottomans

b.peasants required to grow cotton and wheat for export

c.were still dependent on lower priced manufactured goods from G. Britain

B.Social Changes

1.separated family, follow schedules, rules, noise of machines

2.pace of work is rapid

3.women go back to home

4.social status is determined by wealth rather than name

II.Demographic and Environmental Developments

A.Population

1.The West

i.Increases dramatically

ii.Causes: decrease in epidemic disease, increase of consumption of potatoes

iii.migrated from country to city, some migrated from city to suburb

iv.low birth rates, families did not need children

2.The Non-West

i.doubled in Latin America in 1800’s

ii.sweet-potato in China helped a little too much

iii.Japan increased due to nutrition and health

3.Effects: Cities were unsanitary, black lung, and rickets

B.Educational and Artistic Environment

1.romanticism developed, use emotion rather than reason

2.Darwin made Theory of Natural Selection for how species evolve

3.Physics revolutionized with Einstein and Max Plank

III.World Trade

A.Latin America

1.at the heart was the sugar plantation

2.Brazil made cotton and cacao

3.Monroe Doctrine: “hands off” policy with Americas for Europe

4.G. Britain supported it, though Latin America could be trade partners

5.Latin America became dependent on importation of foreign trade

B.Islamic World

1.trade with Ottomans declined

2.empire was weakened by independence revolts: Greece and Serbia

3.Minority groups continued trade with the west

4.Threat of foreign competition led to reform

i.Tanzimat reforms: facilitated trade, but they came too late

ii.Young Turks also tried, but they failed

iii.Europeans were granted extraterritoriality, where they had places of their own laws

5.Egypt became dependent on export of cotton; but trade strengthened with Suez Canal

C.Qing China 1650

1.Ming taken over by Manchus, established oppressive Qing Dynasty

2.lifted restrictions on trade, port of Canton became important

3.G. Britain payed for trade with opium, not silver

4.Chinese got high, wanted more; because they got high

5.Qing emperor took measures against it; started Opium Wars; China got owned

6.Unfair Treaty of Nanking opened more ports to Britain, gave them Hong Kong

7.Got extraterritoriality

D.Other Places

1.Russia

i.backward position

ii.exported grain for machinery

2.The End of the Slaves

i.enlightenment thought, religion, and slave revolt in Haiti

ii.Britain first stopped, but Brazil and Cuba still went at it

IV.Political Revolution

A.America! 1776

1.child of Enlightenment thought; Locke’s social contract helped

2.colonies had developed their own identity; resented taxes without representation

3.High tax was imposed for French Indian War; restrictions made to settlement

4.Jefferson writes Declaration of Independence; includes life, liberty, and happiness

5.Constitution: separation of power with checks and balances for 3 branches

6.Bill of Rights; statement of individual liberties

B.France

1.In the Beginning…

i.society divided into three classes, or estates: clergy, nobility, commoners (bourgeoisie)

ii.they met in the Estates General; had not been called for 200 years

iii.middle class wanted wider political role, restrainst on clergy

2.King Louis XVI forced to call estate-general; agreed on new voting agreement as riots broke

3.mob charges on the Bastille for weapons, cuts off heads, does stupid stuff.

4.Declaration or the Rights of Man and the Citizen: resembled American documents

i.natural rights

ii.some guy wrote Declaration or the Rights of Women and the Female

iii.he was executed

5.Reign of Terror

i.The King got executed because he wanted counter revolution, thousands to the guillotine

ii.Jacobins were crazy, provided male suffrage, set up committee for public safety

6.Europe tried to stop it, did not work

7.One of the dumbest revolutions ever

8.Needed Napoleon to calm France down

9.Final Stage 1800

i.army general Napoleon rose to power

ii.Censored freedom, codified laws: Code Napolean, religious freedom, denied women rights

iii.He owned in Battle, but got defeated in Russian Winter

iv.Created nationalism across Europe

10.Aftermath

i.Congress of Vienna restores legitimate monarchs to thrones to create balance of power

ii.Conservatism kept Europe at Peace

iii.Liberalism sought protection for propertied classes

iv.Radicalism wanted reform for low classes

v.1850, reforms spread through Europe; brought end to monarchy in France

vi.Italy and Germany became unified

C.Haiti

1.Inspired by French revolution

2.First incident where black slaves won a revolt

3.Led by L’Overture

D.Latin America 1820’s

1.caused by Enlightenment ideas; also, succession crisis in Spain

2.Backed by US’ Monroe doctrine

3.In Mexico, Hidalgo called on Mestizos to rebel with him; Mexico established republic

4.South America

i.Simon Bolivar led many states to independence

ii.united them in nation called Gran Colombia

iii.San Martin led southern S. America to independence

iv.did not lead to prosperity

5.Brazil

i.Portugal royal family fled Brazil with French invasion

ii.After French defeat; King left his son, Pedro, as regent

iii.Pedro declared independence when realizing lack of representation in Parliament

iv.Slavery was left untouched in monarchy

6.Mexico 1870

i.Diaz elected president; started economic growth

ii.middle class wanted election reform

iii.10 year Mexican revolution: ended with constitution granting land reform, education

E.Qing China 1800’s

1.Gap between peasants and gentry increased

2.Taiping Rebellion advocates gender equality, equal land distribution

3.Self Strengthening Movement encouraged Western involvement and military reform

4.100 days reform; stupid short reform thing

5.Boxer Rebellion: revolt against foreigners; put down by international army

6.Sun Yat Sen wanted reform for peasants; final rebellion came

F.Socio-Political Movements

1.Feminism: sought gains for women; women suffrage came in Scandinavia and US

2.Marxism

i.Marx said history was because of struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat

ii.ensured social and political freedom for all

iii.no government; true communism

3.Socialism: less extreme form emerged in countries; some were fearful

V.Western Imperialism

A.Imperialism: Quest for Empire

1.product of industrial age favoring Europe; Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest

2.produced machinery, saw application of steam ships, science for medicine

3.Nationalism

i.contributed; US followed Manifest Destiny

ii.Some places had various cultures under them, like Austro-Hungary and Russia

iii.After Russo-Japanese War, Tsar had to let the Duma (parliament) convene

4.Colonies

i.main regions: India and Africa

ii.India

a.high paying British attracted sepoys, or Indian soldiers

b.East India Co. established monopoly

c.Government stepped in after Sepoy Rebellion

d.Established schools and universities, fostered nationalistic sentiment

e.INC promoted self government

iii.South Africa

a.Dutch Way Station at Cape Colony

b.They became known as Boers and moved to central parts

c.Britain came in and captured Cape Colony

d.conflict over abolishing slavery; Boers went in; clashed with Bantu Zulu peoples

e.Boers established Orange Free State and Transvaal

f.Diamonds are discovered; Rhodes comes in

g.Led to Boer War

iv.SE Asia

a.Malaysia and Burma went ot Britain

b.French took Vietnam

c.Indonesia went to Dutch

d.Only Siam (Thailand) was independent

v.Central America

a.helped revolt in Panama

b.troops occupied much of the Caribbean

5.Partition of Africa

i.Berlin Conference made partition of Africa by random lines

ii.Only Ethiopia and Liberia are spared

iii.Lines cut out tribes and ethnicities; life was disrupted

iv.Contributed public works; set up plantations, employed local workers

6.Economic Imperialism

i.involved exertion of economic influence rather than political control

ii.Hawaii

a.US companies made plantations; brought Christian educators

b.disease killed ½ population, Chinese and Japanese came to work

c.American people wanted annexation; ruler overthrown 1900

iii.Latin America

a.increase in trade attracted businesses in Western World

b.They sponsored railroads and stuff

c.After World War 1, US trade dominated

iv.Cuba

a.US businesses had plantations

b.Cuba rebelled in 1900, US got concerned about $ interests

c.When Maine exploded, Spanish American War started

d.US won; got Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines; became world power

 

 

RECENT STUFF

PERIOD 5 (1914 AD – May 15, 2008)

I.Total War and Depression

A.World War I

1.Background:

i.caused by three forces: Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism

ii.Russification, a policy that Russian ethnicities would be helped; Pan-Slavic Movement

iii.Archduke Ferdinand dies; Austria wants to pit-fight Serbia, Germany and Russia go at it

iv.Central Powers: Germany Austria Hungary, Ottomans, Bulgaria

v.Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, US, British Commonwealth, China

vi.US was isolationist; it helped both sides

vii.Joined in when Germany practiced unrestricted submarine warfare

a.Germans told Mexico they would give back territory

b.US got pissed off

2.The Peace Settlement

i.Treaty of Versailles: between Allies and Germany

a.total blame on Germany

b.assigned reparation payments; lost colonies, demilitarized

c.Germany was like WTF!

ii.Wilson’s League of Nations established for international peace; US did not join

3.Results

i.Russian Revolution

a.during war, peasants were pissed, cost was immense; end of the Tsars

b.In October, Bolsheviks, under VI Lenin, came to power

c.drew out of war, gave territory to Germany for Money with Treaty of Brestlitovsk

ii.population declined with men

iii.Political Results

a.Italy and Japan pissed; China lost territory, they were pissed

b.New Nations came out of Austro-Hungarian Empire

c.Poland got independence

d.Ottoman Empire divided into mandates with G. Britain and France getting some

B.The Great Depression

1.Germany said it could not pay; meant G. Britain and France could not pay to US

2.farms produced more, decline in prices

3.Roaring 20’s, lots of good stuff

4.In 1929, stock market crashed, everyone got owned

5.Results: American govt. got involved, Italy and Germany became fascist, Japan wanted some

C.World War II

1.Background

i.Depression combined with pissed off Germany

ii.Nazis under Hitler in Germany and Fascism under Mussolini in Italy

iii.Japan invades Manchuria; Hitler rearms, Mussolini goes after Ethiopia

iv.Dress Rehearsal: Spanish Civil War;

v.brought Fascist government under Franco in power

vi.Hitler proclaimed Anschluss, unified Austria with Germany

vii.G. Britain and France gave him Sudetenland in Munich, called appeasement

viii.Hitler made non-aggression pact with Russia

ix.1939: Hitler attacks Poland; challenges everyone to Brawl!!!

2.The Course of the War

i.Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

ii.Allied Powers: G. Britain, France, Soviet Union, US

iii.Two theaters: Pacific and Europe

iv.Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US gets invited to Brawl!

v.Axis had upper hand, took Paris; then US and Russia joined in

vi.D-Day invasion in Normandy pushed forward

vii.Hitler committed suicide; everyone is happy

viii.US bombed the shit out of Japan (Hiroshima, Nagasaki) with Atom Bombs; surrendered

3.Cost: 35 million people; most were Russian; Holocaust killed Jews, cities got owned

4.Aftermath:

i.Peace settlements began after war had ended:

a.Tehran Conference: focused on France, allowed Russia to get grip on E Europe

b.Yalta Conference: Russia joined against Japan; divided Germany into 4 parts

c.Potsdam Conference: Russia got east Poland; finalized divided Germany

ii.Occupation: 

a.US occupied Japan, South Korea

b.Soviets got Eastern Europe, North Korea

c.China gained territory

iii.United Nations: international peace organization; US was actual member

iv.Dominance went from Europe to two superpowers: US and USSR

II.The Balance of Power

A.The Cold War

1.Churchill described new world order as “iron curtain”

2.US sponsored European recovery called Marshall Plan

3.US had policy of containment of communism in the Truman Doctrine

4.US, Britain, and France, merged German territory into West Germany

5.Soviets blockaded Berlin, US and British planes did airlift

6.NATO: allied a lot of places against USSR

7.Warsaw Pact: allied Eastern Europe with USSR

8.Everybody pissed their pants when USSR got the Atom Bomb

9.1950: Korean War: outbreak between communism and others

B.Decolonization

1.Europe and US decided colonies were too expensive

2.India

i.Gandhi led independence movement with non-violence

ii.Partition between Pakistan and India led to 1 million dead

iii.India practiced non-alignment; Bangladesh got independence after civil war

3.Africa

i.Ghana was first, French gave independence, Belgian Congo was freed

ii.Violence: Algeria, Kenya, and Rhodesia

iii.Namibia became last colony in 1990

iv.South Africa

a.Afrikaners: descendants of the Dutch

b.Set up racial system called Apartheid

c.Best jobs were for whites, not a lot of interaction

v.Middle East

a.Egypt gained independence, but Britain still controlled Suez Canal

b.After Losing Arab-Israeli War, Egypt revolted, put in Nasser for King

c.Took out British Influence

d.Nasser lost six-day war; Anwar Sadat wanted to end hostilities

4.Effects: New states sometimes had bad boundaries; ethnic tensions turned into genocide

C.The Soviet Problem

1.Policies in Russia

i.Lenin institutes New Economic Policy: permitted some private ownership; good results

ii.Stalin’s regime characterized by purges, expulsion and execution of rivals

iii.This included kulaks, wealthy peasants who refused to follow collectivization

iv.Had greater success improving industry with Five Year Plans

2.Expansion of Soviet Influence 50’s, 60’s and 70’s

i.All of Eastern Europe, except Greece became Communist

ii.Yugoslavia’s Tito was not in on it; he made communism more responsive to citizens

iii.Hungarian revolt is put down by tanks

iv.To stop migration to democracy, Soviets put up Berlin Wall

v.Soviet’s invaded Czechoslovakia after Prague Spring, when leader stood up

vi.In Poland, they were nice. Solidarity, the labor movement, challenged Rule

3.After Stalin

i.Khrushchev eased on repression; he criticized Stalin

ii.put nukes on Cuba, US got scared, led to Cuban Missile Crisis

iii.US blockaded Cuba, Soviets backed down

iv.rift between Soviets and China widened

v.Soviets invaded Afghanistan in hopes of establishing Soviet Responsive govt. Got owned

vi.Gorbachev reduced Soviet armaments

vii.Reform movement included glasnost, or openness, and Perestroika, permitted privacy

D.Latin America

1.Mexico emerged with one-party system

2.Argentina, govt. wanted to industrialized the country; Peron and Evita made reforms

3.War with great Britain over Falkland Islands led to defeat

4.US had trade relations with Cuba; when there was revolution, Fidel Castro went in

5.Castro made Cuba communist; allied with USSR for support, led to CMC

6.Nicaragua: socialist revolution caused by revolt of Sandinistas

7.US tried to stop communism with programs like Alliance for Progress

8.Carter returned control of Panama Canal to Panama

9.US helped end Noriega government

E.Middle East:

1.Isreal

i.Holocaust strengthened support for Zionist movement

ii.UN partitioned Palestine into Jews and Arabs

iii.Arabs went to War, Jews owned them in Brawl! Resulted in refugee Arabs

2.Iran

i.US backed government was overthrown

ii.Islamic leaders, the Ayatollahs, did not like liberal observance of Islam

iii.Khomeini set up anti-west government

iv.Saddam Hussein took advantage and annexed oil rich territory; Iran economically owned

F.China and Vietnam

1.After WWI, May 4th Movement tried to recreate liberal democracy

2.Sun-Yat-Sen made revolutionary movement under Guomingdang, or Nationalist Party

3.Mao Zedong created CCP, Chinese Communist Party

4.After Sun-Yat-Sen, leaders executed communists; led to civil war

5.Jieshi, Sun’s successor, fled to Taiwan

6.CCP annexed Tibet and Mongolia; supported N Korea in Korean War

7.Mao did collectivization; instituted Great Leap Forward; stupid policy did not work

8.instituted Cultural Revolution; made teenage Red Guards torture rivals

9.Deng discontinued collective farming and opened up to the West

10.Did not permit democratic reform; protests at Tiananmen Square

11.In Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Independence

12.He had the North, Geneva Conference made democratic elections

13.US put in Diem as president of S. Vietnam; he became corrupt; US arranged for overthrow

14.Government in South Vietnam fell; everything became communist; neighbors also turned

III.Nationalist Movements

A.The Breakup of the Soviet Union

1.Eastern Europe was slowly going for independence

2.Berlin Wall was dismantled; Germany reunited

3.Czechoslovakia ended communism; separated peacefully

4. did not come without discord: Yugoslavia; ethnic cleansing went on

5.The Final Days

i.All of E. Europe and Muslim Central Asia declared independence

ii.Soviet Union dissolved; replaced by Commonwealth of Independent States

iii.Yeltsin moved towards private ownership; nobody liked him

iv.Putin came next

B.Latin America

1.Latin America as a whole went towards democracy

2.Peruvian government tried to disrupt elections

3.Nicaragua elected a President

4.some nations hold foreign debts; some have drug cartels threatening stability

C.New Challenges

1.Saddam Hussein annexed Kuwait, starting Persian Gulf War

2.Iraqi loss was temporary Peace; US went in again in 2003

3.India and Pakistan got nukes; N. Korea tried

4.World Bank and International Monetary Fund went in to help Africa

5.Stupid Extremist Muslim try to blow up people: Al Qaeda

6.Hong Kong was given back to China

7.Hope: India is largest democracy; South Africa ended Apartheid

IV.Global Society

A.Globalization

1.Economy of one place affects economy all over the world

2.OPEC is founded to regulate oil prices

3.The “McDonaldization” of World Trade extended to USSR

4.Africa relies on cash crops

5.East Asia, especially Japan and Korea, are big on technology

6.European Economic Community reduced tariffs for within Europe

7.EEC became known as European Union; established common currency, the Euro

8.Latin America became self independent with import substitution industrialization

9.NAFTA abolished tariffs within Canada, USA, and Mexico

10.World Trade Organization organized World Trade

B.Technological Developments

1.World War I was first war where several new technologies were used

2.Radio became really big in America

3.Science led to discovery of the structure of DNA

4.Helsinki Records called for contacts between nations

5.USSR launched Sputnik; started the Space Race

6.America landed Neil Armstrong on the Moon

7.US built International Space Station and Hubble Space Telescope

8.More people in the postindustrial world were in the service sector

C.Social Changes

1.Western Society saw a rise in Mass Consumerism, especially in household appliances and cars

2.Art made new style, including Cubism

3.Welfare States provided medical care; US New Deal took govt. spending to new heights

4.The National Organization for Women campaigned for Women’s Rights

5.Soviet schools taught religion was a myth; emphasized working together

6.In Japan, baseball became popular; traditions like Kabuki and No theater continued

7.China: Women were expected to work outside yet still retain traditional responsibilities

8.In Latin America, evangelical Protestants took hold; Women retained same old roles

9.In Africa, some Women got political office

10.Its no longer individual, its global

D.Demographics

1.The World Wars nearly eliminated a generation of European Men

2.Labor shortage in W Europe called for “guest workers”; they were later discriminated against

3.In Russia, Muslims came in from South; threatened Russian Culture

4.Population Grew very rapidly; AIDS affected Africa because they ate monkeys

5.Environment: stupid liberals think its global warming; stupid Iraqi Muslims put Kuwait on fire

6.Green Revolution led to boost in agricultural productivity with miracle rice and wheat

7.Nasser of Egypt tried to improve agriculture through Aswan Dam project; he was dum

8.China tried to control population growth with one-child policy

9.Ozone Depletion occurs; blame the stupid extremist Muslims

10.Mexican Invaded America from the South; they are now all over the place

11.In Palestine; refugees created after Arab-Israeli War

 

 

 

 

 

 

And that’s World History in a Nutshell