Biology

Rhyand Mod 5 Vocabualry
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter

An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen
Model

A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons
Element

Chemicals that result from atoms linking together
Molecules

A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance
Physical change

A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance
Chemical change

One of three forms-solid, liquid, or gas- which every substance is capable of attaining
Phase

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Diffusion

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent
Concentration

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through
Semipermeable membrane

The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration
Osmosis

A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reation but is not used up in the process
Catalyst

A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and\or phosphorous
Organic molecule

The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones
Biosynthesis

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
Isomers

Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms
Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides
Disaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Polysaccharides

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
Dehydration reaction

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Hydrolysis

Lacking any affinity to water
Hydrophobic

A lipid made from fatty acids that has no double bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated fat

A lipid made from fatty acids that has at least one double bond between carbon atoms
Unsaturated fat

A bond that links amino acids together in a protein
Peptide bond

A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules
Hydrogen bond








Rhyand Mod 6 Vocabualry
Absorption
the transport of substances into cells.

digestion
the breakdown of absorbed substances.

respiration
The breakdown of food molecules and release of energy.

excretion
the removal of soluble waste.

egestion
the removal of nonsoluble waste

secretion
the release of biosynthesized substances.

homeostasis
maintaining the status quo.

reproduction
producing more cells.

cytology
the study of cells.

cell wall
a rigid structure on the outside of certain cells.

middle lamella
a thin film between adjoining cell walls.

plasma membrane
the membrane between the cell contents and cell surroundings.

cytoplasm
the jelly-like substance in which the organelles are suspended.

ions
substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons.

cytoplasmic streaming
motion of cytoplasm in a cell.

Mitochondria - organelles in which the nutrients are converted to energy.

lysosome
organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides and some lipids.

ribosomes
non-membrane-bounded organelles that produce protein.

endoplasmic reticulum
an organelle composed of folded membranes that has several tasks.

rough er
ER dotted with ribosomes.

smooth er
ER without ribosomes.

golgi bodies
the organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and modified.

leucoplasts
organelles that store starches or oils.

chromoplasts
organelles that store pigments.

central vacuole
a vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells.

waste vacuoles
vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion.

phagocytosis
the process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances.

phagocytic vacuole
a vacuoles that hold the substance the cell has engulfed.

pinocytic vesicle
vesicle that allows absorption of large molecules.

secretion vesicle
vesicle that holds secretion products.

microtubules
spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.

nuclear membrane
membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

chromatin
clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins.

cytoskeleton
a network of fibers that holds the cell together and keeps shape.

microfilaments
fine, threadlike proteins found in cytoskeleton.

intermediate filaments
threadlike proteins in the cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments.

phospholipid
a lipid where one of the fatty acid molecule has been replaced by a molecule that has a phosphate group.

passive transport
movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.

active transport
movement of molecules through the plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy.

isotonic solution
a solution where the concentration of solutes is the same as the cell.

hypertonic solution
a solution where the concentration is higher than the cell.

plasmolysis
collapse of a walled cells cytoplasm due to lack of water.

cytolysis
the rupturing of a cell due to too much internal pressure.

hypotonic solution
solution where the concentration is less than that of the cell.

activation energy
energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.