Chapter 50 #1-10

1.	Which of the following areas of study focuses on the exchange of energy, organisms, and material between ecosystems?
c. Landscape ecology
2.	Which statement about dispersal is false?
c. Dispersal occurs only on an evolutionary timescale
3.	Imagine some cosmic catastrophe that jolts Earth so that it is no longer tilted. Instead, its axis is perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the sun. The most predictable effect of this change would be:
d. A loss of seasonal variation at northern and southern latitudes
4.	When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes:
a. In biomes at different latitudes
5.	The oceans affect the biosphere in all of the following ways except:
d. Regulating the pH of freshwater biomes and terrestrial groundwater
6.	Which lake zone would be absent in a very shallow lake?
b. Aphotic zone
7.	Which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes?
d. Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients
8.	Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes?
d. Vegetation demonstrating stratification
9.	Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate?
e. Tropical forests – nearly constant day length and temperature
10.	Suppose that the number of bird species is determined mainly by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes would you find the greatest number of bird species?
a. Tropical rain forest

Chapter 51 #1-10

1.	Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?
d. Innate behaviors are expressed in most individuals in a population across a wide range of environmental conditions.
2.	Which of the following is an example of a taxis?
d. A fish orienting itself into a river current
3.	Which of the following statements provides an ultimate explanation for the observation that adult salmon return from the ocean to spawn in the stream in which they hatched?
d. Spawning in the home stream results in higher survival of young salmon
4.	Researches have found that a region of the canary forebrain shrinks during the nonbreeding season and then enlarges when breeding season begins. This annual enlargement of brain tissue is probably associated with:
a. The annual addition of new syllables to a canary’s song repertoire
5.	Although many chimpanzee populations live in environments containing oil-palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The most likely explanation for this behavioral difference between populations is that:
c. The cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has only arisen in some populations
6.	Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?
a. In each individual, the form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes
7.	Which of the following is not true of agonistic behavior?
d. It usually results in death or serious injusry to one or both of the competitiors
8.	Female spotted sandpipers aggressively court males and then, after mating, leave the clutch of the young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain, forcing the female to incubate her last clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this behavior?
d. Promiscuity
9.	According to the inequality known as Hamilton’s rule (rB>C):
c. Natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling
10.	The core idea of sociobiology is that:
c. Much human behavior has evolved by natural selection

Chapter 52 #1-10

1.	The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that:
c. The members of the population are competing for access to a resource
2.	Population ecologists follow the fate of same-age cohorts to:
c. Determine the birth rate and death rate of each group in a population
3.	In a population that is growing as described by the logistic growth model:
c. Population growth is zero when N equals K
4.	A population’s carrying capacity
d. May change as environmental conditions change
5.	Which pair of terms most accurately describes life-history traits for a stable population of wolves?
d. Iteroparous; K-selected
6.	The infant mortality rate is ____ in developing countries than in developed countries.
e. More than six times higher
7.	Scientific study of the population cycles of the snowshoe hare and its predatory, the lynx, has revealed that:
c. The most obvious, plausible hypothesis about the cause of population cycles is not necessarily the correct one
8.	The current size of the human population is closest to:
d. 6 billion
9.	Which of the following statements about human population in developed countries is incorrect?
c. Life history is r-selected
10.	A recent study of ecological footprints concluded that:
d. The ecological footprint of the United States is larger than the ecological capacity of its land

Chapter 53 #1-10

1.	The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community’s:
c. Trophic structure
2.	The competitive exclusion principle states that:
d. Two species with the exact same niche cannot coexist in a community
3.	Keystone predators maintain species diversity in a community by:
b. Preying on the community’s dominant species
4.	Food chains are usually short mainly because:
c. Most of the energy in a trophic level is lost as it passes to the next higher level
5.	According to the rivet model of community structure:
d. All species in a natural community contribute to the community’s integrity
6.	A community’s species diversity is:
c. Increased by moderate levels of disturbance
7.	Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry?
b. Two poisonous frogs with similar color patterns
8.	Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community?
d. Effect of grazing intensity bison on plant species diversity
9.	The most plausible hypothesis to explain why species richness is higher in tropical than in temperate regions is that
b. Tropical regions have more available water and higher levels of solar radiation
10.	According to the equilibrium model of island biogeography, species richness would be greatest on an island that is:
c. Large and close to a mainland

Chapter 54 #1-10

1.	Which of the following organisms is incorrectly paired with its trophic level?
c. Zooplankton – primary producer
2.	A production pyramid such as the one shown in Figure 54.11 implies that:
e. Eating grain-fed beef is an inefficient way to obtain the energy captured by photosynthesis
3.	Nitrifying bacteria participate in the nitrogen cycle mainly by:
d. Converting ammonia to nitrate, which is absorbed by plants
4.	The Hubbard Brook watershed deforestation experiment supported all of the following conclusions except that:
e. Calcium levels remained high in the soil of deforested areas
5.	The main cause of the recent increase in the amount of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere is:
d. The burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels
6.	Which of the following is a consequence of biological magnification?
a. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers
7.	Which of these ecosystems has the lowest net primary production per square meter?
b. An open ocean
8.	Tropical forest soils contain comparatively low levels of mineral nutrients because:
c. Organic matter decomposes more rapidly and plants assimilate soil nutrients more rapidly in the tropics
9.	Imagine that you test samples of coastal water polluted with runoff from farms and find detectable levels of phosphates, but not of nitrogen. In a follow-up experiment, you find that if you enrich some of your samples with nitrogen, algal growth is much greater than in unenriched, control samples. Enriching samples with phosphate, however, does not increases algal growth. From your results, you can conclude that:
d. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in these waters
10.	Which of the following has the greatest effect on the rate of chemical cycling in an ecosystem?
c. The rate of decomposition in the ecosystem

Chapter 55 #1-10

1.	Ecologists conclude there is a biodiversity crisis because:
c. There are too few biodiversity hotspots
2.	Which of the following directly addresses the growing concern over the loss of ecosystem diversity?
b. Restoration ecology
3.	What is the effective population size of a population of 50 strictly monogamous swans that includes 40 males and 10 females?
d. 20
4.	One characteristic that distinguishes a population in an extinction vortex from most other populations is that:
d. Its genetic diversity is very low
5.	The discipline that applies ecological principles to returning, degraded ecosystems to more natural states is known as:
d. Restoration ecology
6.	What is the single greatest threat to biodiversity?
e. Habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction
7.	Which of the following is not a step in the declining-population approach to conservation biology?
b. Implement a conservation plan at the outset of a study, as it is too risky to wait until data are gathered an analyzed
8.	Which of the following strategies would most rapidly increase the genetic diversity of a population in an extinction vortex?
c. Introduce new individuals transported from other populations of the same species
9.	Of the following statements about protected areas that have been established to preserve biodiversity, which one is not correct?
a. About 25% of Earth’s land area is now protected
10.	What is the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative?
b. A research agenda to study biodiversity and support sustainable development