<table class="table">
    <thead></thead>
    <tbody class="table-hover">
        <tr>
          <td id="id">2</td><td>Cliente N - 1</td>
          <td>teste</td>
          <td>2017-02-14 22:00:52</td>
          <td class="txt-center pointer"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok txt-error pointer" onclick="updateStatus()"></span></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td id="id">3</td>
          <td>Cliente N - 2</td>                                             <td>teste</td>
          <td>2017-02-14 22:00:52</td>
          <td class="txt-center pointer"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-ok txt-error pointer" onclick="updateStatus()"></span></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
  <tfoot></tfoot>

function updateStatus(param){ //param seria o numero da coluna
  var teste  = $('table > tbody').closest('tr').find('td').eq(param).text();
  console.log(teste);
}