## Module 1 Week 3 Diagnostic

This exercise is intended to help you assess your progress
with the concepts and techniques we've covered during the week.

For these questions, write a short snippet of code that meets
the requirement. In cases where the question mentions a "given"
data value, use the variable `given` to refer to it (instead of re-writing
the information).

##### 1. What does the following code output?

```ruby
def print_variables(x)
  puts "x: #{x}"
  puts "b: #{b}"
end

def b
  12
end

a = 4
print_variables(a)
```

```
x: 4
b: 12
```

##### 2. Working with files

Given a text file located at `"~/Documents/pizza.txt"`, write code to read the
file from the filesystem and print _each line_ one at a time.

```
lines = File.readlines("~/Documents/pizza.txt")

lines.each do |line|
  puts line
end

lines.close
```

##### 3. Writing Files

Given a text file located at `"~/Documents/pizza.txt"`, write code to read the
file from the filesystem, then write a new file at `"~/Documents/line_count.txt"`
containing the number of lines in the original file.

```
lines = File.readlines("~/Documents/pizza.txt")

num_lines = 0
lines.each { |line| num_lines += 1 }

lines_file = File.new("lines.txt", 'w')
lines_file << "There are #{num_lines} lines in 'pizza.txt'"

lines.close
lines_file.close
```

##### 4. Corgis

Imagine a simple ruby class designed to represent a Corgi dog. Write a _test_
for each of the following features:

* A Corgi can be created with no arguments
* A Corgi can be assigned a name
* A Corgi can be asked for its name
* A Corgi can be asked for its posture, which should default to "standing"
* A Corgi can be asked to lie down, which should change its posture to "laying"

```
require 'minitest/autorun'
require 'minitest/pride'
require './lib/corgi'

class CorgiTest < Minitest::Test

  def test_it_can_be_created_with_no_arguments
    new_corg = Corgi.new
    assert_instance_of Corgi, new_corg
  end

  def test_it_can_be_assigned_a_name
    new_corg = Corgi.new
    assert new_corg.name = "Daniel"
  end

  def test_it_can_be_asked_for_its_name
    new_corg = Corgi.new
    new_corg.name = "Daniel"
    assert_equal "Daniel", new_corg.name
  end

  def test_it_has_a_default_posture_of_standing
    new_corg = Corgi.new
    assert_equal "standing", new_corg.posture
  end

  def test_it_can_lie_down_and_change_posture_to_laying
    new_corg = Corgi.new
    new_corg.lie_down
    assert_equal "laying", new_corg.posture
  end
end
```

##### 5. Counting Words

Given an array of words `["dog", "cat", "gerbil", "cat", "hamster", "rabbit", "rabbit"]`,
create a Hash containing the individual words as keys and the number of times
the word appears in the list as values. That is:

```
{"dog" => 1, "cat" => 2, "gerbil" => 1, "hamster" => 1, "rabbit" => 2}
```

```
new_hash = Hash[ given.map { |animal| [animal, given.count(animal)] } ]
```

##### 6. Reading Files

Given a text file located at `"~/Documents/pizza.txt"`, write code to read the
file from the filesystem, then process the file's lines so that:

* Even lines go into an array called `even`
* Odd lines go into an array called `odd`

(Assume the first line is numbered `0`, and is thus even)

```
file = File.readlines("~/Documents/pizza/txt")

line_num = 0
even = []
odd = []

file.each do |line|
  if line_num.even?
    even << line
  else
    odd << line
  end
  line_num += 1
end
```

##### 7. Stacks

Given the following code, draw a simple diagram representing the stack
frames that the program will generate as it is run. In order to show
change in the stack over time, you may need to re-copy the lower frames
into a new diagram.

```ruby
def wrap_it(x)
  "<<<" + x + ">>>"
end

def string_it(x)
  x.to_s
end

def churn_it(x)
  wrap_it(string_it(x))
end


churn_it(10)
```

```
- As the methods are defined self is main, local variables are empty, and current method is main
- When it reaches churn_it(10) self remains as main, current method becomes churn_it, and the local variable becomes 10
- Upon evaluating churn_it, self remains main, local variable remains 10 (passed as an arg to string_it) and our current method becomes string_it
- When we move to string_it we pass the local variable remains 10, self remains, main, and current method is string_it
- As string_it is evaluated, our local variable is 10, self is main, and our current method is .to_s, creating "10", which is returned
- All things string_it come off the stack and we are back inside of churn_it, where our returned value "10" will be the argument passed to wrap_it. Before we enter into wrap_it, self is still main, local variables are 10 and "10", and our current method is churn_it
- We pass "10" into wrap_it. Self is main, local variable is "10", and current method is wrap_it. Wrap_it evaluates to "<<<< 10 >>>>" and returns that string.
- With wrap_it completed, it comes off the stack and we move back to churn_it, where our local variable remains 10, self is main, current method is churn_it, and it will return "<<<< 10 >>>>".
- Churn_it returns "<<<< 10 >>>>", local variables are empty, self is main, current method is main, and everything else is off the stack.
- With the program completed, main comes off and the program exits.
```