add_action( 'pre_get_posts', 'wpse230535_custom_posts_by_custom_field' );

function wpse230535_custom_posts_by_custom_field( $query ) {
  if( !is_admin() && is_archive( 'your-custom-post-type' ) && $query->is_main_query() ) {
    $query->set( 'meta_query', array (
      array (
        'key' => 'custom-field-name',
        'value' => 'custom-field-value',
        'compare' => '=',
      ),
    ));
  }
}