API tools faq
paste
Advertisement
jonstond2

Prison History (Criminology)

jonstond2
Jan 23rd, 2017
286
0
Never
Add comment
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 75.92 KB | None | 0 0
raw download clone embed print report
  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Prisons in the United States and Western European nations have a rich history, with the use of confinement as a form of punishment dating back to medieval times. Throughout the centuries, scholars and penal reformers have widely documented reform efforts and the shift in punishment philosophies. This shift resulted in corporal punishment methods being abandoned and replaced with incarceration. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the confinement of criminals in prisons expanded across the United States and Europe. As the use of prisons as punishment became common practice, penal innovations throughout continental Europe influenced the development of competing prison discipline systems in the United States. The opposing systems in the United States in turn promoted a change in penal practices across Europe. The state of early prison systems has been well documented, from first-hand accounts of abysmal conditions in early European prisons to historical examinations of physical prison structures. Scholars have conducted case studies of historical penal institutions as well as examined the history of women in prison, which paints a vivid picture of prisons throughout history. Historians and scholars also place great emphasis on reform efforts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, where authors cite social transformations, ideological shifts, economic changes, and political events that resulted in the widespread use of incarceration that continues in the early 21st century. The 1970s is arguably the most pivotal decade in the recent history of prisons, where the United States witnessed a sweeping change in the political climate. This change resulted in a transformation of penal and sentencing policies, which ultimately resulted in mass incarceration practices in the United States, and to a lesser extent in Europe. A substantial amount of scholarly research on trends in the correctional population emerged in the 1990s and 2000s. The consequences of the unprecedented increase in incarceration have also been examined, particularly with regard to the large-scale incarceration of minorities. Overall, the numerous historical accounts of prison development and penal practices throughout time will help researchers and students alike gain a comprehensive understanding of the history of prisons in the United States and Europe.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. Numerous works have been published that cover the history of prisons. Morris and Rothman 1995 presents what is arguably the most comprehensive historical account of the history of prisons in Western nations. Newbold 1999 constructs a short, easy-to-follow timeline based largely on the work Morris and Rothman 1995. In a classic work, Ives 1970 (originally published in 1914) provides a theoretical and historical examination of punishment methods since the Middle Ages. Blomberg and Lucken 2010 also examines punishment methods, but the authors’ historical analysis continues into the 21st century. Barnes and Teeters 1945 analyzes American and European penal systems and reform and proposes radical ideas that would impact the entire justice system. While most historical accounts of prisons examine both American and European penal systems, Harding, et al. 1985 provides a concise history of imprisonment in England and Wales only. Christianson 2002, Roberts 1997, and Roth 2006 are three excellent sources for undergraduates. In seven pages, Christianson 2002 provides readers with a general overview of the American prison system. Also focusing on American prisons, Roberts 1997 gives an illustrated historical description providing over 330 illustrations and photographs to enhance understandability. More recently, Roth 2006 presents an encyclopedic format to provide fundamental facts of penal systems from all around the world.
  8.  
  9. Barnes, Harry E., and Negley K. Teeters. 1945. New horizons in criminology. New York: Prentice Hall.
  10. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  11. Parts 4 through 7 of this comprehensive volume provide an analysis of the origins of punishment, development of American and European penal institutions, and reform of penology through the 1940s. Presents a revolutionary technique to change the face of criminology: abolish the penal system.
  12. Barnes, Harry E., and Negley K. Teeters. 1945. New horizons in criminology. New York: Prentice Hall.
  13. Find this resource:
  14. Blomberg, Thomas, and Karol Lucken. 2010. American penology: A history of control. 2d ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  15. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  16. A comprehensive historical examination of American punishment practices from medieval times through the beginning of the 21st century. The work is divided into distinct eras that tell a story as the reader moves from one to the next.
  17. Blomberg, Thomas, and Karol Lucken. 2010. American penology: A history of control. 2d ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  18. Find this resource:
  19. Christianson, Scott. 2002. Prisons: History. In Encyclopedia of crime and justice. Vol. 3. Edited by Joshua Dressler, 1168–1175. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
  20. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  21. A succinct overview of the history of imprisonment in the United States. Examines the ideological and social movements that led the United States to become dependent on incarceration as a form of punishment. Must-read for those looking for a short overview of the major historical turning points.
  22. Christianson, Scott. 2002. Prisons: History. In Encyclopedia of crime and justice. Vol. 3. Edited by Joshua Dressler, 1168–1175. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.
  23. Find this resource:
  24. Harding, Christopher, Bill Hines, Richard Ireland, and Philip Rawling. 1985. Imprisonment in England and Wales: A concise history. London: Croom Helm.
  25. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  26. A seminal contribution to the literature that provides a concise history of imprisonment in England from medieval times through the end of the 20th century. Focuses on how the British government and society shaped the role of imprisonment and penal philosophies throughout time. Examines bridewells, labor discipline, and institutions as training centers.
  27. Harding, Christopher, Bill Hines, Richard Ireland, and Philip Rawling. 1985. Imprisonment in England and Wales: A concise history. London: Croom Helm.
  28. Find this resource:
  29. Ives, George. 1970. A history of penal methods. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  30. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  31. Originally published 1914, this work provides a thorough historical account of punishment systems since the Middle Ages. Analyzes the theories and assumptions of criminal behavior on which laws and punishments are established. A must-read for those interested in the intersection of criminology and punishment.
  32. Ives, George. 1970. A history of penal methods. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  33. Find this resource:
  34. Morris, Norval, and David J. Rothman, eds. 1995. The Oxford history of the prison: The practice of punishment in Western society. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  35. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  36. An edited volume that provides a comprehensive account of punishment methods in both Europe and the United States from medieval times through the end of the 20th century. A must-read for those interested in how the ideals of crime and punishment over time led to the development of prisons.
  37. Morris, Norval, and David J. Rothman, eds. 1995. The Oxford history of the prison: The practice of punishment in Western society. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  38. Find this resource:
  39. Newbold, Greg. 1999. A chronology of correctional history. Journal of Criminal Justice Education 10:87–100.
  40. DOI: 10.1080/10511259900084471Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  41. An article that succinctly breaks down the chronology of correctional history beginning in 4500 BC and ending in 1998. A great, easy-to-use reference tool for researchers and students alike.
  42. Newbold, Greg. 1999. A chronology of correctional history. Journal of Criminal Justice Education 10:87–100.
  43. Find this resource:
  44. Roberts, John W. 1997. Reform and retribution: An illustrated history of American prisons. Lanham, MD: American Correctional Association.
  45. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  46. An excellent volume that provides an illustrated historical account of prisons in the United States. With more photographs and illustrations than text, this work provides a visual account of the evolution of correctional philosophies and practices, including an examination of European influences on the American correctional system.
  47. Roberts, John W. 1997. Reform and retribution: An illustrated history of American prisons. Lanham, MD: American Correctional Association.
  48. Find this resource:
  49. Roth, Mitchel P. 2006. Prisons and prison systems: A global encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  50. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  51. An excellent comprehensive reference book that covers a multitude of topics related to prisons. Examines current and historical penal systems from all around the world, famous prisons, prisoners, and prison reformers, as well as architecture and important penal legislation. Focuses on adult male institutions.
  52. Roth, Mitchel P. 2006. Prisons and prison systems: A global encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  53. Find this resource:
  54. Punishment Methods Prior to Incarceration
  55.  
  56. The method of punishing criminal behavior has not always taken the form of incarceration. A classic work, Earle 1896 describes over ten forms of punishments used in ancient times. The use of physical punishments is also examined in Scott 1996 and Spierenburg 1984. Scott 1996 details the historical use and abolition of flogging and whipping as forms of corporal punishment. Spierenburg 1984 presents a detailed description of the use and abolition of public executions in Europe. Hughes 1987 and Shaw 1966 provide historical accounts of transportation. Hughes 1987 focuses specifically on convict transportation from England to Australia. Shaw 1966 provides comprehensive examinations of the transportation of convicts from Europe to Australia and other penal colonies, including Norfolk Island and van Diemen’s Land. Schafer 1970 focuses attention on the use of monetary sanctions as a form of punishment, providing a historical background on restitution and punishment. Early forms of confinement are examined in Crowther 1982 and Branch-Johnson 1970. Crowther 1982 examines the history of English workhouses, documented as one of the earliest attempts at institutionalization. Branch-Johnson 1970 examines the use of floating prison hulks as another early form of confinement.
  57.  
  58. Branch-Johnson, William. 1970. The English prison hulks. Rev. ed. Chichester, UK: Phillimore.
  59. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  60. Presents a detailed story of using anchored English ships as a place of confinement. Documents the squalid conditions aboard hulks, the use of convict labor, the lack of a reformatory purpose, and the continuance of confinement aboard ships into the 20th century. A good read for those interested in the often-overlooked method of punishment.
  61. Branch-Johnson, William. 1970. The English prison hulks. Rev. ed. Chichester, UK: Phillimore.
  62. Find this resource:
  63. Crowther, Margaret A. 1982. The workhouse system, 1834–1929: The history of an English social institution. Athens, GA: Univ. of Georgia Press.
  64. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  65. Provides a neutral, holistic account of workhouses in England as the first attempt at institutionalization. Examines the diversity, competing functions, and progression of workhouses within the local atmosphere in which they were located. A must-read for those interested in gaining a broad understanding of early institutionalization.
  66. Crowther, Margaret A. 1982. The workhouse system, 1834–1929: The history of an English social institution. Athens, GA: Univ. of Georgia Press.
  67. Find this resource:
  68. Earle, Alice M. 1896. Curious punishments of bygone days. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone.
  69. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  70. Describes ancient forms of punishment, including the method by which they operated, who they were used on, and the countries that practiced such punishment. Focuses on commonly depicted forms of punishment, such as the stocks, pillory, and branding. Also includes lesser-known forms of punishment, such as the bilboes, ducking stool, and branks.
  71. Earle, Alice M. 1896. Curious punishments of bygone days. Chicago: Herbert S. Stone.
  72. Find this resource:
  73. Hughes, Robert. 1987. The fatal shore: The epic of Australia’s founding. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  74. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  75. An extensive volume that provides a historical account of Australia’s convict history. Details the punishment practice of transporting criminals from England to Australia. Provides a vivid account of the conditions in which the convicts lived, focusing largely on the observations of the convicts themselves.
  76. Hughes, Robert. 1987. The fatal shore: The epic of Australia’s founding. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  77. Find this resource:
  78. Schafer, Stephen. 1970. Compensation and restitution to victims of crime. 2d ed. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  79. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  80. Provides readers with a brief historical overview of the use of restitution and punishment dating back to the Middle Ages. Examines compensation and restitution legislation in the United Kingdom and nations outside of the United Kingdom, including countries in Europe, the Americas, the Middle East, Australia, and Africa.
  81. Schafer, Stephen. 1970. Compensation and restitution to victims of crime. 2d ed. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  82. Find this resource:
  83. Scott, George R. 1996. The history of corporal punishment. London: Senate.
  84. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85. First published in 1968, this work examines the historical, religious, psychological, and sociological foundations of flagellation. Documents whipping and flogging in the religious domain, its use as a form of penal punishment, and the slow abolition of corporal punishments.
  86. Scott, George R. 1996. The history of corporal punishment. London: Senate.
  87. Find this resource:
  88. Shaw, Alan G. L. 1966. Convicts and the colonies: A study of penal transportation from Great Britain and Ireland to Australia and other parts of the British Empire. London: Faber and Faber.
  89. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  90. A well-documented narrative of convict transportation from Europe to Australia, Norfolk Island, and van Diemen’s Land. Details changes in criminal laws that led to the use of transportation, distinguishes between theory and practice, and discusses colonial opposition to transportation.
  91. Shaw, Alan G. L. 1966. Convicts and the colonies: A study of penal transportation from Great Britain and Ireland to Australia and other parts of the British Empire. London: Faber and Faber.
  92. Find this resource:
  93. Spierenburg, Pieter. 1984. The spectacle of suffering: Executions and the evolution of repression; From a preindustrial metropolis to the European experience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  94. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  95. Contains an excellent analysis of the development and demise of public executions in Western Europe. Examines the function of public executions for different social groups and the interrelationship between societal changes throughout Europe and the suffering of criminals.
  96. Spierenburg, Pieter. 1984. The spectacle of suffering: Executions and the evolution of repression; From a preindustrial metropolis to the European experience. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  97. Find this resource:
  98. Philosophy behind the Development of Prisons
  99.  
  100. A number of classic works exist that examine the philosophy behind the use of incarceration as a form of punishment. In one of the earliest and most influential volumes, Beccaria 1986 (first published in 1764) suggests numerous crime control reforms, including the belief that punishments should be handed out by the courts and proportionate to the crime committed. While Beccaria 1986 laid the foundations for the abolition of physical punishments and the development of prisons, other works examine the context of prison development in relation to earlier forms of punishment. Sellin 1970 provides a concise account of the philosophy behind the development of the Pennsylvania system of prison discipline. Mathiesen 1990 presents a historical account of how various philosophies have been used to rationalize imprisonment as a form of punishment. More recently, Johnston 2009 provides an examination of reforms that impacted the development of prisons.
  101.  
  102. Beccaria, Cesare. 1986. On crimes and punishments. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
  103. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  104. A classic work on criminal law reform that was first published in 1764 and translated from Italian. Examines the social and philosophical environment in Europe and offers comprehensive methods of reform to control crime and criminals. Focusing on the abolition of torture and the implementation of more humane methods of punishment.
  105. Beccaria, Cesare. 1986. On crimes and punishments. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
  106. Find this resource:
  107. Johnston, Norman. 2009. Evolving function: Early use of imprisonment as punishment. Prison Journal 89:10S–34S.
  108. DOI: 10.1177/0032885508329761Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  109. A research article that details the use of imprisonment as a form of punishment and nonpunishment from ancient times to the 20th century. Examines reforms in Europe and America that led to the use of prisons on the scale that is seen in the early 21st century.
  110. Johnston, Norman. 2009. Evolving function: Early use of imprisonment as punishment. Prison Journal 89:10S–34S.
  111. Find this resource:
  112. Mathiesen, Thomas. 1990. Prison on trial: A critical assessment. London: SAGE.
  113. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  114. Focusing in large part on the history of Western European prisons, this work analyzes philosophies (e.g., retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation) for using prison as a form of punishment. Critiques the rationales by examining empirical evidence and grounded theory.
  115. Mathiesen, Thomas. 1990. Prison on trial: A critical assessment. London: SAGE.
  116. Find this resource:
  117. Sellin, Thorsten. 1970. Origin of the Pennsylvania system of prison discipline. Prison Journal 50:13–21.
  118. DOI: 10.1177/003288557005000103Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  119. A brief but detailed account of the reforms that resulted in the penal philosophy of solitary confinement of prisoners. Traced from the signing of the first state constitution to the building of Eastern State Penitentiary. Discusses the role of British penal reformers in instituting the Pennsylvania system in Europe.
  120. Sellin, Thorsten. 1970. Origin of the Pennsylvania system of prison discipline. Prison Journal 50:13–21.
  121. Find this resource:
  122. History of Early European Prisons
  123.  
  124. The use of early forms of incarceration in Europe dates back to the 16th century. The practice of confining society’s undesirables in early houses of corrections, as outlined in van der Slice 1936, paved the way for the development of penitentiaries. Spierenburg 2007 examines the societal shift during the 16th and 17th centuries that resulted in the confinement of criminals. Pugh 1968 also examines such changes, while giving readers a detailed description of the physical structure of prisons in medieval England. Maes 2012 provides readers with a historical overview of changes in the Belgian prison system from the late 18th century to the early 21st century. Pétit, et al. 2002 examines two centuries of prison history in France beginning in the late 18th century. As the confinement of criminals in prisons became widespread across Europe through the 17th and 18th centuries, many works provide descriptions of the conditions of such institutions. A classic work, Howard 1777 gives a first-hand account of the abysmal state of prisons in England and Wales and suggests reforms for such institutions. McConville 1981 also examines the appalling state of early English prisons, but details the penal reforms in Europe that led to properly run institutions. McConville 1981, cited here, also lays the foundations for the later work in McConville 1995 (cited under the Development of Modern European Prisons). Focusing primarily on the state of one prison, Teagarden 1969 examines attention on the conditions and reforms initiated at Pentonville prison.
  125.  
  126. Howard, John. 1777. The state of the prisons in England and Wales, with preliminary observations, and an account of some foreign prisons. London: William Eyres.
  127. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  128. A classic work that describes the terrible condition and practices of English prisons. Also examines well-run institutions in other states. Presents reforms of the structure, operation, and regulations of prisons and bridewells. A dense and somewhat difficult, but necessary, read for those interested in gaining a first-hand account of the state of English prisons in the 18th century.
  129. Howard, John. 1777. The state of the prisons in England and Wales, with preliminary observations, and an account of some foreign prisons. London: William Eyres.
  130. Find this resource:
  131. Maes, Eric. 2012. From prison sentence to deprivation of liberty: A brief history of two centuries of legal regulation of the Belgian prison regime (1795–2006). European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 20:81–97.
  132. DOI: 10.1163/157181712X610497Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  133. A journal article that provides a concise overview of the history of Belgian prisons, the legal status of prisoners, and the regulation of the prison regime beginning in the late 18th century. Examines the Parliament’s role in punishment and change in goals of imprisonment over time.
  134. Maes, Eric. 2012. From prison sentence to deprivation of liberty: A brief history of two centuries of legal regulation of the Belgian prison regime (1795–2006). European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 20:81–97.
  135. Find this resource:
  136. McConville, Sean. 1981. A history of English prison administration, 1750–1877. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  137. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  138. An excellent description of the transformation in English prisons that occurred over 127 years. Details the abysmal state of prisons at the end of the 18th century and how changes in penal practice, ideology, and administration initiated the development of orderly and well-managed prisons.
  139. McConville, Sean. 1981. A history of English prison administration, 1750–1877. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  140. Find this resource:
  141. Pétit, Jacques-Guy, Claude Faugeron, and Michel Pierre. 2002. Histoire des prisons en France, 1789–2000. Toulouse, France: Privat.
  142. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. A book by French historians detailing the history of prisons in France over a two-century period. Examines early policies and the transportation of prisoners. Details the evolution of the treatment of prisoners. Describes various reforms that led to the contemporary prison system.
  144. Pétit, Jacques-Guy, Claude Faugeron, and Michel Pierre. 2002. Histoire des prisons en France, 1789–2000. Toulouse, France: Privat.
  145. Find this resource:
  146. Pugh, Ralph B. 1968. Imprisonment in medieval England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  147. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  148. Details the history of imprisonment in medieval England by delving into the use of imprisonment for coercive and punitive purposes, the physical structure of prisons, and mechanisms of constraint. Places a strong emphasis on comparing theories of imprisonment.
  149. Pugh, Ralph B. 1968. Imprisonment in medieval England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  150. Find this resource:
  151. Spierenburg, Pieter. 2007. The prison experience: Disciplinary institutions and their inmates in Early Modern Europe. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press.
  152. DOI: 10.5117/9789053569894Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  153. A comprehensive, historical account of the gradual evolution of discipline in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Examines the social and political events that shifted the focus from confining vagrants to the confinement of criminals. Provides a comparative analysis of the impact of imprisonment by focusing on prisons and prisoners in the Netherlands, Germany, and France.
  154. Spierenburg, Pieter. 2007. The prison experience: Disciplinary institutions and their inmates in Early Modern Europe. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press.
  155. Find this resource:
  156. Teagarden, Earnest. 1969. A Victorian prison experiment. Journal of Social History 2:357–365.
  157. DOI: 10.1353/jsh/2.4.357Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  158. Presents an excellent summary of the European penal system, focusing almost exclusively on Pentonville penitentiary. Describes how reforms in American prisons influenced European lawmakers to adopt, albeit shortly, a true separate system of confinement and how reformers integrated rehabilitation programs into the separate system.
  159. Teagarden, Earnest. 1969. A Victorian prison experiment. Journal of Social History 2:357–365.
  160. Find this resource:
  161. van der Slice, Austin. 1936. Elizabethan houses of correction. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 27:45–67.
  162. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  163. Provides a detailed overview of societal changes in addressing the issue of vagrants and other idle people that resulted in the development of houses of corrections and bridewells across Europe. Describes the administration, operation, and original intent of houses of corrections as not just a poorhouse but instead a place to provide corrective discipline through labor.
  164. van der Slice, Austin. 1936. Elizabethan houses of correction. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 27:45–67.
  165. Find this resource:
  166. History of Early American Prisons
  167.  
  168. Imprisonment in America can be traced to colonial times as outlined in Christianson 1998, which provides a historical account of confinement trends in America. The most notable prison systems in early American history are the competing Pennsylvania and Auburn systems. The history of these systems has been well documented. In a classic work, originally published in 1835, Crawford 1969 provides a first-hand account of the two competing systems of prison discipline. Another classic work, Barnes 1921 also details the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems and notes how the two systems have influenced the development of modern prisons. While prisons in Pennsylvania and New York have garnered much attention, scholars have also given attention to the development of early institutions in other states. Originally published in 1922, Lewis 1967 examines the origins and evolution of penal systems throughout the United States. Hirsch 1992 identifies social factors that led to the development of prisons in the United States, providing a case study of Massachusetts. Meskell 1999 provides a detailed account of reforms that took place, leading to the development of modern prisons.
  169.  
  170. Barnes, Harry E. 1921. The historical origin of the prison system in America. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 12:35–60.
  171. DOI: 10.2307/1133652Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  172. An excellent historical account of the birth of the Pennsylvania and Auburn systems of prison discipline. Describes how the two competing administrative styles combined to influence penal practices in the early 20th century.
  173. Barnes, Harry E. 1921. The historical origin of the prison system in America. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 12:35–60.
  174. Find this resource:
  175. Christianson, Scott. 1998. With liberty for some: 500 years of imprisonment in America. Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press.
  176. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  177. A volume that provides a historical narrative of imprisonment in America, from colonial America to the end of the 20th century. Describes various forms of confinement as well as imprisonment trends over time. Gives much attention to those who are imprisoned. A good source for undergraduate students.
  178. Christianson, Scott. 1998. With liberty for some: 500 years of imprisonment in America. Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press.
  179. Find this resource:
  180. Crawford, William. 1969. Report on the penitentiaries of the United States. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  181. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  182. Originally published in 1835, this report to the British government provides a detailed account of his visits to early American prisons. Describes the competing Pennsylvania and Auburn systems of punishment. Includes lengthy appendix of building plans, criminal codes, and statistics. A dense but important read for those interested in understanding how the American penal system influenced reform in Europe.
  183. Crawford, William. 1969. Report on the penitentiaries of the United States. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  184. Find this resource:
  185. Hirsch, Adam J. 1992. The rise of the penitentiary: Prisons and punishment in early America. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187. A well-documented contribution that examines the ideological, economic, political, institutional, legal, and social factors that resulted in the emergence of the penitentiary in America. Proposes that social events, not a broad ideological shift, led to a focus on imprisonment. Examines the penitentiary movement in Massachusetts and the similarities of slavery and incarceration.
  188. Hirsch, Adam J. 1992. The rise of the penitentiary: Prisons and punishment in early America. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
  189. Find this resource:
  190. Lewis, Orlando F. 1967. The development of American prisons and prison customs, 1776–1845: With special reference to early institutions in the state of New York. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  191. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  192. Originally published in 1922, this volume presents a comprehensive, historical report of the origins of American penal systems and the evolution of penal treatment. References the development of prisons in many states besides New York, including Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Main, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, Kentucky, Ohio, Georgia, and Tennessee.
  193. Lewis, Orlando F. 1967. The development of American prisons and prison customs, 1776–1845: With special reference to early institutions in the state of New York. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  194. Find this resource:
  195. Meskell, Matthew W. 1999. An American resolution: The history of prisons in the United States from 1777 to 1877. Stanford Law Review 51:839–865.
  196. DOI: 10.2307/1229442Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  197. Research article that discusses the rise and failure of the first American penitentiaries, development of modern prisons, and the prison reform that took place. Focuses specifically on how reports by reformers Howard, Wines, and Dwight, along with broad social changes, led to a complete overhaul of the American penal system.
  198. Meskell, Matthew W. 1999. An American resolution: The history of prisons in the United States from 1777 to 1877. Stanford Law Review 51:839–865.
  199. Find this resource:
  200. The Development of Modern European Prisons
  201.  
  202. Beginning in the 19th century, there was a large-scale shift in imprisonment practices and trends in Europe. Vanhulle 2010 examines the role of the first general-inspector of the Belgian prison system in shaping penal practices in Belgium. Building off of the earlier work in McConville 1981 (cited under History of Early European Prisons), McConville 1995 examines a largely unstudied area of history: local English prisons. McConville 1995 documents changes in penal policy and provides a detailed description of prisons in the late 19th century. Bailey 1997; Franke 1995; Garland 1985; O’Brien 1995; and Ruggiero, et al. 1995 provide historical accounts of European prisons into the 20th century. Garland 1985 provides a sociological account of penal strategies and reform during the Victorian era. Bailey 1997, critiquing earlier works, including Garland 1985 and Foucault 1995 (cited under Revisionist Histories of Imprisonment), provides an interpretation of historical events that led to imprisonment reform in England during the early 20th century. Franke 1995 examines the development of prisons in the Netherlands through the end of the 20th century. Ruggiero, et al. 1995 expands earlier work by comparing penal systems from eight European nations, including the Netherlands, Italy, France, England and Wales, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and Ireland. Whitman 2003 also examines punishment systems across continental Europe, providing a comparative historical analysis of punishment in America, France, and Germany. O’Brien 1995 examines reform strategies and noncustodial forms of punishment that emerged pre– and post–World War II.
  203.  
  204. Bailey, Victor. 1997. English prisons, penal culture, and the abatement of imprisonment, 1895–1922. Journal of British Studies 36:285–324.
  205. DOI: 10.1086/386138Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  206. Research article that presents a critical analysis of writings on the development of penal institutions and offers his own interpretation of historical events. Describes the complex penal culture and how the Gladstone Report caused a significant decline in imprisonment throughout England.
  207. Bailey, Victor. 1997. English prisons, penal culture, and the abatement of imprisonment, 1895–1922. Journal of British Studies 36:285–324.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Franke, Herman. 1995. The emancipation of prisoners: A socio-historical analysis of the Dutch prison experience. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
  210. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  211. An abridged version of his 1990 Dutch work Twee Eeuwen Gevangen. Provides an analysis of the development of prisons in the Netherlands beginning in the 19th century through the 1980s. Using a sociological perspective, examines the shift from communal to solitary confinement in the 19th century and the emancipation process of prisoners during the 20th century.
  212. Franke, Herman. 1995. The emancipation of prisoners: A socio-historical analysis of the Dutch prison experience. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
  213. Find this resource:
  214. Garland, David. 1985. Punishment and welfare: A history of penal strategies. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
  215. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  216. Examines the link between the Victorian penal system and other social institutions at the turn of the 20th century. Analyzes the social transformations that led to large-scale penal reform. Describes how the penal reform strategies were implemented through legislation and administrative initiatives.
  217. Garland, David. 1985. Punishment and welfare: A history of penal strategies. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
  218. Find this resource:
  219. McConville, Sean. 1995. English local prisons, 1860–1900: Next only to death. London: Routledge.
  220. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  221. Examines how the shift in the English government resulted in changes in penal policy regarding local prisons. Provides a detailed account of all aspects English local prisons. Focuses primarily on the penal philosophies of Carnarvon and du Cane and how their ideals transformed local institutions into a harsh form of discipline.
  222. McConville, Sean. 1995. English local prisons, 1860–1900: Next only to death. London: Routledge.
  223. Find this resource:
  224. O’Brien, Patricia. 1995. The prison on the continent: Europe, 1865–1965. In The Oxford history of the prison: The practice of punishment in Western society. Edited by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman, 178–201. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  225. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  226. A well-written, comprehensive account of the penal systems, philosophies, and reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries. Examines life inside prison, the emergence of noncustodial forms of punishment, punishment trends in the early 20th century, and post–World War II reforms.
  227. O’Brien, Patricia. 1995. The prison on the continent: Europe, 1865–1965. In The Oxford history of the prison: The practice of punishment in Western society. Edited by Norval Morris and David J. Rothman, 178–201. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Ruggiero, Vincenzo, Mick Ryan, and Joe Sim. 1995. Western European penal systems: A critical anatomy. London: SAGE.
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. A comparative analysis of developments in penal sanctions in eight Western European nations during the 20th century. Points to the importance of the European Union in shaping penal practice and societal and economic events that resulted in postwar penal reforms in some nations while others saw an increase in incarceration.
  232. Ruggiero, Vincenzo, Mick Ryan, and Joe Sim. 1995. Western European penal systems: A critical anatomy. London: SAGE.
  233. Find this resource:
  234. Vanhulle, Bert. 2010. Dreaming about the prison: Édouard Ducpétiaux and prison reform in Belgium (1830–1848). Crime, History & Societies 14:107–130.
  235. DOI: 10.4000/chs.1196Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  236. Provides readers with an insight into the role of penologist Édouard Ducpétiaux, the first general-inspector of the Belgian prison system. Examines his role in reforming penal practice and policy in Belgium. Details Ducpétiaux’s theoretical writings and achievements in penal reform.
  237. Vanhulle, Bert. 2010. Dreaming about the prison: Édouard Ducpétiaux and prison reform in Belgium (1830–1848). Crime, History & Societies 14:107–130.
  238. Find this resource:
  239. Whitman, James Q. 2003. Harsh justice: Criminal punishment and the widening divide between America and Europe. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  240. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  241. A comparative legal analysis of punishment and prisoners in the United States, France, and Germany. Examines how social and political traditions dating back to the 18th century resulted in vast differences in degradation, punishment, and justice across America and European nations at the end of the 20th century.
  242. Whitman, James Q. 2003. Harsh justice: Criminal punishment and the widening divide between America and Europe. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  243. Find this resource:
  244. Reform in American Prisons
  245.  
  246. Efforts to reform American prisons have been documented since the inception of prisons in the United States. The 20th century, however, witnessed a large-scale reform movement, many aspects of which have been well documented. Originally published in 1917, Bacon 1974 provides examples of reform efforts in various aspects of corrections that occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. McKelvey 1977 provides an examination of how early penal philosophies impacted later reform movements. Morris 1966 and Sullivan 1990 both provide critiques of the reform efforts. Morris 1966 proposes that inadequate theories and a lack of knowledge are the major impediments to effective reform, while Sullivan 1990 discusses the competing ideals of imprisonment and treatment and how these ideals impact reform efforts. More recently, in a work most suitable for students, Roberts 1997 provides readers with over 330 illustrations and photographs that illustrate the reform movement in American prisons. Other works examine reform in specific correctional settings. Johnson 1987, for example, after describing the pains of imprisonment in maximum-security institutions, proposes reforms to correctional practice. Additionally, Keve 1991 documents the establishment of the federal prison system and reforms that have occurred during its expansion.
  247.  
  248. Bacon, Corinne. 1974. Prison reform. New York: AMS.
  249. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  250. A collection of excerpts from selected articles on prison reform. Originally published in 1917, this volume gives the reader a knowledge of correctional reform efforts at the turn of the 20th century. Moves beyond an exclusive focus on prisons to explore philosophies of reform for probation and parole, as well as penal administrators.
  251. Bacon, Corinne. 1974. Prison reform. New York: AMS.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Johnson, Robert. 1987. Hard time: Understanding and reforming the prison. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. A well-written, easy-to-read manuscript that examines early forms of incarceration, the pains of early prison life, and the manner in which prisoners adjust to contemporary pains of imprisonment. Proposes reforms for the penal system to become a constructive form of punishment as well as improve the lives of staff and inmates.
  256. Johnson, Robert. 1987. Hard time: Understanding and reforming the prison. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  257. Find this resource:
  258. Keve, Paul W. 1991. Prisons and the American conscience: A history of U.S. federal corrections. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press.
  259. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  260. A comprehensive, historical account of the US federal prison system. Highlights three eras of federal corrections. Examines the establishment of federal penal institutions and the development of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in an effort to manage the expanding federal correctional system.
  261. Keve, Paul W. 1991. Prisons and the American conscience: A history of U.S. federal corrections. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Univ. Press.
  262. Find this resource:
  263. McKelvey, Blake. 1977. American prisons: A history of good intentions. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  264. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  265. A thorough examination of the chronological development of the American prison system, placed in a larger societal context. Separated into distinct time periods, this volume examines how early penal ideologies influenced reform in later years.
  266. McKelvey, Blake. 1977. American prisons: A history of good intentions. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  267. Find this resource:
  268. Morris, Norval. 1966. Impediments to penal reform. University of Chicago Law Review 33:627–656.
  269. DOI: 10.2307/1598504Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  270. A journal article that contains a thorough review of the obstacles to penal reform in the American prison system, focusing specifically on flawed theories and a lack of knowledge in crime and recidivism reduction techniques. Argues that past penal reforms that focus primarily on reducing the suffering and social alienation of offenders is insufficient.
  271. Morris, Norval. 1966. Impediments to penal reform. University of Chicago Law Review 33:627–656.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Roberts, John W. 1997. Reform and retribution: An illustrated history of American prisons. Lanham, MD: American Correctional Association.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. A concise introduction that traces the evolution of the American correctional system, examining the various systems of imprisonment and reforms that emerged in the 20th century. Includes illustrations and photographs that supplement the narrative. A good introduction for visual-learning students.
  276. Roberts, John W. 1997. Reform and retribution: An illustrated history of American prisons. Lanham, MD: American Correctional Association.
  277. Find this resource:
  278. Sullivan, Larry E. 1990. The prison reform movement: Forlorn hope. Boston: Twayne.
  279. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  280. Contains a critical analysis of the inherent contradiction of the principles of imprisonment and rehabilitation. Examines how the ideals of penal reformers continue to be seen in modern rationales for the use of treatment and probation as a means of reformation.
  281. Sullivan, Larry E. 1990. The prison reform movement: Forlorn hope. Boston: Twayne.
  282. Find this resource:
  283. Trends in Corrections, 1970 to the Early 21st Century
  284.  
  285. The 1970s became a pivotal decade in the history of prisons. During this time the United States, and Europe to an extent, saw an unprecedented increase in the prison population. Sources that document the trends in recent correctional populations are abundant. Tonry 2001 documents international correctional trends. The Ministry of Justice 2013 and the Sentencing Project are two informative online sources that provide numerous statistics, graphs, and figures detailing correctional trends in Europe and in the United States. Blumstein and Beck 1999, Garland 2001, Tonry and Petersilia 1999, and Zimring and Hawkins 1991 all examine factors that contributed to the growth in incarceration rates. Blumstein and Beck 1999 focuses on factors that led to an increase in the incarceration rate over a sixteen-year period. Specifically, Blumstein and Beck 1999 examines offending, arrest, and incarceration trends. The authors also explore incarceration rates by crime type, gender, race, and ethnicity. Garland 2001 brings together a collection of articles that highlight social and cultural causes of mass imprisonment. This edited collection not only details the causes and effects of mass imprisonment but also proposes reforms to address the mass imprisonment crisis. Similarly, Tonry and Petersilia 1999 provides readers with an edited volume that explores the social consequences of widespread incarceration. This volume, however, examines both micro- and macrosociological issues as well as structural explanations of prison growth, including management and policy trends. Zimring and Hawkins 1991 emphasizes the political climate and policies that resulted in an increase in incarceration rates. The authors provide a comparative analysis of imprisonment rates over time in various political jurisdictions in the United States and abroad. Additionally, they review and critique correctional forecasting techniques and explanations for incarceration rates.
  286.  
  287. Blumstein, Alfred, and Allen J. Beck. 1999. Population growth in U.S. prisons, 1980–1996. Crime and Justice 26:17–64.
  288. DOI: 10.1086/449294Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  289. A research article that analyzes factors associated with the growth in incarceration rates in the United States, including crime type, gender, race, offending and arrest rates, time served, and parole revocations. Concludes that the large growth is due to an increase in arrest and incarceration rates of drug offenders, as well as an increase in time served.
  290. Blumstein, Alfred, and Allen J. Beck. 1999. Population growth in U.S. prisons, 1980–1996. Crime and Justice 26:17–64.
  291. Find this resource:
  292. Garland, David, ed. 2001. Mass imprisonment: Social causes and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  293. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  294. An edited volume that examines the social causes that led to mass incarceration in the United States and approaches for changing penal practices. A must-read for those interested in gaining an understanding of the reasons the United States is quick to incarcerate members of the social underclass.
  295. Garland, David, ed. 2001. Mass imprisonment: Social causes and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Ministry of Justice. 2013. Story of the prison population: 1993–2012 England and Wales. The Hague: Ministry of Justice.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. A readily accessible online report that takes an in-depth examination of population trends in English prisons over ten years. Includes charts, graphs, and timelines to assist in the understanding of the factors that led to an increase in the prison population. Good resource for undergraduates.
  300. Ministry of Justice. 2013. Story of the prison population: 1993–2012 England and Wales. The Hague: Ministry of Justice.
  301. Find this resource:
  302. Sentencing Project.
  303. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  304. Online compilation of data and current media reports related to sentencing, incarceration, racial disparities, drug policy, and more crime and punishment issues. Provides access to research publications, and advocates for reform of sentencing policies and an increase in alternatives to incarceration. Good source for anyone interested in sentencing trends and its impact on incarceration.
  305. Sentencing Project.
  306. Find this resource:
  307. Tonry, Michael, ed. 2001. Penal reform in overcrowded times. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  308. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  309. A collection of short articles that provides an international examination of correctional trends and penal reform practices. Focuses on the reform of laws, policies, and practices that impact sentencing decisions and the use of sanctions ranging from probation to prison.
  310. Tonry, Michael, ed. 2001. Penal reform in overcrowded times. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  311. Find this resource:
  312. Tonry, Michael, and Joan Petersilia, eds. 1999. Crime and justice. Vol. 26, Prisons. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  313. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  314. A well-written, edited volume that provides extensive analysis of the research related to trends in penal policy, population growth, prison management, correctional treatment, social order, and reentry. A must-read for students and researchers interested in understanding the current status of prisons in the United States.
  315. Tonry, Michael, and Joan Petersilia, eds. 1999. Crime and justice. Vol. 26, Prisons. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Zimring, Franklin E., and Gordon Hawkins. 1991. The scale of imprisonment. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. An excellent examination of the political economy that contributed to the widespread use of imprisonment as a penal method. Analyzes how economic and social trends, the origins of imprisonment, correctional forecasting, and sentencing policies relate to postwar imprisonment trends.
  320. Zimring, Franklin E., and Gordon Hawkins. 1991. The scale of imprisonment. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  321. Find this resource:
  322. Revisionist Histories of Imprisonment
  323.  
  324. Beginning in the 20th century, a number of scholars began to critique the standard depiction of punishment and imprisonment as increasingly humane. These sociologists and historians argued that the evolution of penal policy and practice was not due to enlightened thought or reformed ideals, but instead occurred because of social and political domination and repression. To this end, there was a move to politicize the history of punishment as a method to oppress the underclass. Rusche and Kirchheimer 2009 examines factors that resulted in the manifestation of various penal methods over time, highlighting the association between punishment and economic and fiscal policies. Rothman 1971 examines the emergence of prisons in an industrial society. Both Rothman 1971 and Foucault 1995 cite the development of the prison as due to societal and attitudinal changes in punishment. Foucault 1995 examines the nature of punishment philosophies and the societies that gave rise to the use of prisons as a mechanism of social control. Ignatieff 1978 also emphasizes the change in punishment philosophies and relates the development of the penitentiary and the transformation of prison discipline to the capitalist state seeking to expand carceral power over the working class. Melossi and Pavarini 1981 examines how the principles of a capitalist society, both materialistic and ideological, shaped penal practices in Europe (with an emphasis on Italy) and America in the 18th and 19th centuries. Adamson 1984 takes a unique approach to explain variations in penal practice during the 19th century, theorizing that the manner in which prison officials viewed those being punished, as an economic threat or resource, was directly related to variations in prison labor and discipline.
  325.  
  326. Adamson, Christopher. 1984. Toward a Marxian penology: Captive criminal populations as economic threats and resources. Social Problems 31:435–458.
  327. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  328. A journal article that analyzes punishment practices in America from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. Utilizes a “threat/resource model” to explain that variations in prison discipline and labor were due to viewing punished individuals as a perceived threat to the capitalist system and/or as an economic resource to exploit.
  329. Adamson, Christopher. 1984. Toward a Marxian penology: Captive criminal populations as economic threats and resources. Social Problems 31:435–458.
  330. Find this resource:
  331. Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage.
  332. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  333. An English translation from French of Surveiller et punir, this classic work details the shift in punishment philosophies of the 17th and 18th centuries, from the use of public corporal punishments to the emergence of modern prisons as the method of discipline. Suggests that the development was due in part to a philosophical shift away from punishing the body to punishing the soul.
  334. Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage.
  335. Find this resource:
  336. Ignatieff, Michael. 1978. A just measure of pain: The penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. New York: Pantheon.
  337. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  338. Presents a social history of the ideological origins of punishment philosophies during the Industrial Revolution in England. Analyzes social, economic, political, and religious explanations for the shift in penal practices from punishment of the body to punishment of the mind. Details the influence of leading reformers on the development of the penitentiary.
  339. Ignatieff, Michael. 1978. A just measure of pain: The penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. New York: Pantheon.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Melossi, Dario, and Massimo Pavarini. 1981. The prison and the factory: Origins of the penitentiary system. Translated by Glynis Cousin. London: Macmillan.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. First published in Italian in 1977, this work outlines the development of European as well as American prisons. Utilizing a Marxist perspective, the authors examine the relationship between the development of a capitalist society and the modern prison. There is a focus on materialistic and ideological issues.
  344. Melossi, Dario, and Massimo Pavarini. 1981. The prison and the factory: Origins of the penitentiary system. Translated by Glynis Cousin. London: Macmillan.
  345. Find this resource:
  346. Rothman, David J. 1971. The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic. Boston: Little, Brown.
  347. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  348. A classic work that examines the development of institutions of social control in the Jacksonian era from a social context. Contains a historical account of the social factors that prompted the building of and reliance on penitentiaries, asylums, poorhouses, and reformatories.
  349. Rothman, David J. 1971. The discovery of the asylum: Social order and disorder in the New Republic. Boston: Little, Brown.
  350. Find this resource:
  351. Rusche, Georg, and Otto Kirchheimer. 2009. Punishment and social structure. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  352. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  353. First published in 1939, the authors provide a sociological account of the history of punishment. This work focuses on how the economic culture, fiscal motives, and the labor market of major time periods gave rise to the development and changes of punishment methods during those eras.
  354. Rusche, Georg, and Otto Kirchheimer. 2009. Punishment and social structure. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  355. Find this resource:
  356. Penal Reformers
  357.  
  358. Throughout the centuries, many individuals have played an important role in penal reform. The life, philosophy, and work of one of the most prominent penal reformers, Cesare Beccaria, is detailed in Maestro 1973 and Phillipson 1970. Available to be read online, Howard 1963 examines the life and work of reformer John Howard, focusing specifically on how his reforms were implemented in Europe. The original work Howard 1777 can be found in History of Early European Prisons. The life and, at times failed, work of Jeremy Bentham are examined in Phillipson 1970 and Cooper 1981. Phillipson 1970 also documents the work of Sir Samuel Romilly and how his efforts reformed penal law, while Cooper 1981 details the religious and reform efforts of a prominent female reformer, Elizabeth Fry. In a personal account, Bates 1938 provides a comprehensive description of the federal penal system, of which the author was the first director. More recently, Horton and Nielson 2005 provides a biography of Texas prison director, George J. Beto, and highlights his many implemented reforms.
  359.  
  360. Bates, Sanford. 1938. Prisons and beyond. New York: Macmillan.
  361. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  362. A classic work that draws on Bates’s personal experiences as a prison administrator and director of the Bureau of Prisons. Provides extensive detail of the structure and administration of the federal penal system; explains reasons for why prisons failed; and outlines the function of rehabilitation, inmate labor, and a professional workforce in a punitive penal system.
  363. Bates, Sanford. 1938. Prisons and beyond. New York: Macmillan.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Cooper, Robert A. 1981. Jeremy Bentham, Elizabeth Fry, and English prison reform. Journal of the History of Ideas 42:675–690.
  366. DOI: 10.2307/2709127Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. A journal article that provides an overview of the ideas of two prominent English penal reformers. Suggests that Bentham and Fry based their reform efforts on labor, classification, and religion. Provides a detailed discussion of Bentham’s failure to implement his reform ideas, particularly the panopticon prison, on a large scale.
  368. Cooper, Robert A. 1981. Jeremy Bentham, Elizabeth Fry, and English prison reform. Journal of the History of Ideas 42:675–690.
  369. Find this resource:
  370. Horton, David M., and George R. Nielson. 2005. Walking George: The life of George John Beto and the rise of the modern Texas prison system. Denton, TX: Univ. of North Texas Press.
  371. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  372. An in-depth biography of George J. Beto. Documents his career in the church and as a teacher before becoming the director of the Texas prison system. Provides an introduction to the history of the Texas prison system and the many reforms that took place under Beto’s direction.
  373. Horton, David M., and George R. Nielson. 2005. Walking George: The life of George John Beto and the rise of the modern Texas prison system. Denton, TX: Univ. of North Texas Press.
  374. Find this resource:
  375. Howard, Derek L. 1963. John Howard: Prison reformer. New York: Archer House.
  376. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  377. A highly accessible source that documents the life and work of John Howard. An excellent source for those interested in gaining a deep understanding of how Howard’s reforms were implemented in Europe and have been adapted for modern practices.
  378. Howard, Derek L. 1963. John Howard: Prison reformer. New York: Archer House.
  379. Find this resource:
  380. Maestro, Marcello. 1973. Cesare Beccaria and the origins of penal reform. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.
  381. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  382. Provides a detailed biography of the life and work of Italian penal reformer Cesare Beccaria. Examines how Beccaria laid the foundations for modern penal reform by arguing for a just legal and punishment system. A must-read for anyone interested in the philosophy of a distinguished reformer.
  383. Maestro, Marcello. 1973. Cesare Beccaria and the origins of penal reform. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Phillipson, Coleman. 1970. Three criminal law reformers: Beccaria, Bentham, Romilly. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  386. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. Originally published in 1923, this work presents a thorough examination of the lives, doctrines, and achievements of three influential penal reformers. Details the penal reform efforts of each reformer and the influence each had on changing criminal law.
  388. Phillipson, Coleman. 1970. Three criminal law reformers: Beccaria, Bentham, Romilly. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.
  389. Find this resource:
  390. Race and Prison History
  391.  
  392. The treatment of African Americans plays an important role not only in the history of the United States, but also in the history of prisons. Blumstein 1993 seeks to determine if racial disparities are a result of outright discrimination or the result of other factors. He suggests that disparities are, in part, a result of differential offending patterns. Tonry 1995 also examines racial disparities in the US prison system, detailing the war on drugs and identifying punishment patterns of racial minorities. Alexander 2012, Blumstein 1993, Collins 1997, Mauer 2006, and Tonry 1995 all suggest that penal policies, specifically the war on drugs, have also contributed to disparate treatment of African Americans in the criminal justice and penal systems. Collins 1997 focuses exclusively on African American women, providing a historical examination of African American females in the justice system and criticizing the current treatment of African American female offenders. Mauer 2006 focuses on the link between race and imprisonment rates, while also tracing the increase in incarceration practices since the 1970s. Attempts to explain how the interactions between political dynamics, race, and class have resulted in the reliance of incarceration as punishment. In a more recent publication, Alexander 2012 examines similarities in control of African Americans from slavery to mass incarceration and points to penal policies that have resulted in racial disparities and mass incarceration of black males, focusing specifically on the war on drugs. Also, it argues that mass incarceration of black males parallels Jim Crow laws. Statistics, research articles, and news stories related to racial disparities can be found on the Sentencing Project website.
  393.  
  394. Alexander, Michelle. 2012. The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: New Press.
  395. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  396. Presents a historical narrative of the treatment of black people in the United States, from slavery to mass incarceration. Examines the existence of racial impact of criminal justice policies and argues that racial control is ever present in contemporary society.
  397. Alexander, Michelle. 2012. The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: New Press.
  398. Find this resource:
  399. Blumstein, Alfred. 1993. Racial disproportionality of the U.S. prison population revisited. University of Colorado Law Review 64:743–760.
  400. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  401. A research article that examines the factors that contribute to racial disproportionality in the US prison population. Findings suggest that racial disparity is largely a result of differential involvement in serious crime, as well as race differences in the arrest and imprisonment of black drug offenders.
  402. Blumstein, Alfred. 1993. Racial disproportionality of the U.S. prison population revisited. University of Colorado Law Review 64:743–760.
  403. Find this resource:
  404. Collins, Catherine F. 1997. The imprisonment of African American women. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
  405. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  406. Examines the history of African American women in prison in the United States. Focuses on factors that result in racial disparities in imprisonment, including arrest patterns, legislation, and sentencing policies.
  407. Collins, Catherine F. 1997. The imprisonment of African American women. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Mauer, Marc. 2006. Race to incarcerate. 2d ed. New York: New Press.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. A comprehensive examination of the reliance of incarceration in the United States starting in the last three decades of the 20th century. Recounts political and societal factors that led to the widespread use of incarceration. Examines the link between race, social class, the war on drugs, and incarceration rates.
  412. Mauer, Marc. 2006. Race to incarcerate. 2d ed. New York: New Press.
  413. Find this resource:
  414. Racial Disparity. Sentencing Project.
  415. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  416. Website that provides statistics on racial disparities in imprisonment. Provides links to recent research and news articles related to the topic.
  417. Racial Disparity. Sentencing Project.
  418. Find this resource:
  419. Tonry, Michael. 1995. Malign neglect: Race, crime, and punishment in America. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  420. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  421. A well-written book that provides a careful examination of crime-control policies beginning in the 1980s. Suggests that racial disparities in the justice system can be attributed to racial differences in offending patterns, but that policies of the 1980s, specifically the war on drugs, exacerbated such racial disparities.
  422. Tonry, Michael. 1995. Malign neglect: Race, crime, and punishment in America. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  423. Find this resource:
  424. History of Women in Prison
  425.  
  426. Historically, there has been differential treatment of women prisoners in the United States and Europe. Banks 2003, Freedman 1984, and Rafter 1990 all provide historical accounts of women’s prisons in the United States, while Zedner 1991 examines responses to female crime in England. In a good source for undergraduate students, Banks 2003 outlines major historical events in the development of women’s prisons and details the issues related to women’s prisons, reformers and other influential persons, and experiences of the incarcerated and the female guards. Freedman 1984 focuses on the history and reform of women’s prisons during the 19th and into the 20th centuries and examines generational influences of prison reform and how feminist ideology influenced women’s prisons and rehabilitation programs for female offenders. Rafter 1990 highlights how the incarceration of women throughout history led to an increase in social control, tracing institutional changes in the women’s prison system and examining both reformatories and custodial institutions. Collins 1997 focuses exclusively on the history of African American women in prison in the United States. Giallombardo 1966 and Heffernan 1972 both provide case studies of female correctional institutions, with Giallombardo 1966 giving a sociological account of a federal women’s prison and Heffernan 1972 examining the subculture of a state women’s prison. Pollock 2002 provides an excellent comprehensive review of females and prison, including a historical account.
  427.  
  428. Banks, Cyndi. 2003. Women in prison: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
  429. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  430. A comprehensive, easy-to-read historical account of the phases and developments of women’s prisons in the United States. Provides a chronology of historical events and a list of influential persons in the development of women’s prisons. A good read for undergraduates seeking to obtain a general overview of women in prison.
  431. Banks, Cyndi. 2003. Women in prison: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Collins, Catherine F. 1997. The imprisonment of African American women. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Examines the history of African American women in prison in the United States. Focuses on factors that result in racial disparities in imprisonment, including arrest patterns, legislation, and sentencing policies. Also examines theories of offending and crime types of African American women.
  436. Collins, Catherine F. 1997. The imprisonment of African American women. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
  437. Find this resource:
  438. Freedman, Estelle B. 1984. Their sisters’ keepers: Women’s prison reform in America, 1830–1930. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  439. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  440. Provides a historical account of the development of women’s prisons in the 19th century and the concerns of the treatment of female inmates. Also examines the reformers and reform efforts that have taken place in women’s prisons during the 20th century.
  441. Freedman, Estelle B. 1984. Their sisters’ keepers: Women’s prison reform in America, 1830–1930. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  442. Find this resource:
  443. Giallombardo, Rose. 1966. Society of women: A study of a women’s prison. New York: John Wiley.
  444. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  445. Provides a sociological account of females living in a federal women’s prison. Gives a detailed account of the staff, programs, and inmate relationships present in the prison. Examines the social structure and culture that helps offset the physical and social isolation and deprivations experienced by many female inmates.
  446. Giallombardo, Rose. 1966. Society of women: A study of a women’s prison. New York: John Wiley.
  447. Find this resource:
  448. Heffernan, Esther. 1972. Making it in prison: The square, the cool, and the life. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  449. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  450. Documents the dynamics of prison life for female inmates inside the Virginia Woman’s Reformatory. Features the means, through various subsystems, by which female inmates adapt to prison life, highlighting the codes, norms, and values of each system. A must-read for those interested in world of female inmates.
  451. Heffernan, Esther. 1972. Making it in prison: The square, the cool, and the life. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Pollock, Jocelyn. 2002. Women, prison, and crime. 2d ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. A comprehensive, well-written examination of the research on various topics related to females and prison. Uses a feminist theoretical framework to detail female crime; history of women’s prisons; treatment of female offenders; and staff, legal, and policy issues in managing female inmates.
  456. Pollock, Jocelyn. 2002. Women, prison, and crime. 2d ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
  457. Find this resource:
  458. Rafter, Nicole H. 1990. Partial justice: Women, prisons, and social control. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  459. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  460. Contains a detailed account of the history of women in prisons, examining reformatories and custodial institutions of the 19th and 20th centuries and changes that have occurred in women’s prisons over time. Explains how the development of the reformatory resulted in an increase in the number of incarcerated women and how the reformatory became a tool for social control.
  461. Rafter, Nicole H. 1990. Partial justice: Women, prisons, and social control. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
  462. Find this resource:
  463. Zedner, Lucia. 1991. Women, crime, and custody in Victorian England. Oxford: Clarendon.
  464. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  465. An empirical study of the views of female crime in 19th-century England, penal responses to such crime, and the reform movements of the 20th century. Provides a social history that examines both penal theory and practice in responding to female criminality.
  466. Zedner, Lucia. 1991. Women, crime, and custody in Victorian England. Oxford: Clarendon.
  467. Find this resource:
  468. Case Studies of Historical Correctional Styles
  469.  
  470. Over the years, many case studies of correctional institutions have been published. Clemmer 1940 presents one of the most classic sociological analyses of an American penal institution during the early 20th century. Originally published in 1958, Sykes 2007 provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of the psychological impact of confinement in a maximum-security prison. Jacobs 1977 examines the institutional and social transformations surrounding Stateville penitentiary in Illinois. Semple 1993 provides a detailed overview of one of Bentham’s concepts for reform: the panopticon-style penitentiary. Stockdale 1977 examines the history of Bedford prison in England over two centuries. Readers who seek a historical account of Eastern State Penitentiary, one of the oldest penitentiaries in the United States, should read Johnston, et al. 1994. Stanko, et al. 2004 takes a different approach to the history of prisons by integrating the history of prisons, penal theories, and the personal account of a prisoner.
  471.  
  472. Clemmer, Donald. 1940. The prison community. Boston: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  473. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  474. A classic contribution to the penal and criminological literature. Provides a comprehensive sociological analysis of the formal and informal prison organization. Describes the culture, structure, relationships, processes, and conditions present in an American penal institution of the 1930s.
  475. Clemmer, Donald. 1940. The prison community. Boston: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Jacobs, James B. 1977. Stateville: The penitentiary in mass society. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. A thorough historical examination of the development and operation of a total prison organization. Analyzes fifty years of broad social events and institutional changes that shifted Stateville into the forefront of society.
  480. Jacobs, James B. 1977. Stateville: The penitentiary in mass society. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  481. Find this resource:
  482. Johnston, Norman B., Kenneth Finkel, and Jeffery A. Cohen. 1994. Eastern State Penitentiary: Crucible of good intentions. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art.
  483. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  484. An easy-to-read, illustrated book that documents the history and architecture of one of the first penitentiaries in the United States. Examines the philosophical origins, innovative reforms, and historical events up to its closing in 1971. Good for students who are interested in a comprehensive account of Eastern State Penitentiary.
  485. Johnston, Norman B., Kenneth Finkel, and Jeffery A. Cohen. 1994. Eastern State Penitentiary: Crucible of good intentions. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art.
  486. Find this resource:
  487. Semple, Janet. 1993. Bentham’s prison: A study of the panopticon penitentiary. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  488. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273875.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  489. A well-researched manuscript providing a detailed description of Bentham’s penal ideology and quest to implement the panopticon structure and organization. Outlines Bentham’s effort to reform the penal system and the obstacles that resulted in the failure of the panopticon-style penitentiary to come to fruition.
  490. Semple, Janet. 1993. Bentham’s prison: A study of the panopticon penitentiary. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  491. Find this resource:
  492. Stanko, Stephen, Wayne Gillespie, and Gordon A. Crews. 2004. Living in prison: A history of the correctional system with an insider’s view. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  493. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  494. A unique approach to the traditional historical account by combining theoretical frameworks with personal accounts. Begins by providing a historical overview of prisons in the United States and examining contemporary issues in corrections, and ends by having a prisoner give a narrative of his personal experiences while incarcerated.
  495. Stanko, Stephen, Wayne Gillespie, and Gordon A. Crews. 2004. Living in prison: A history of the correctional system with an insider’s view. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Stockdale, Eric. 1977. A study of Bedford prison, 1660–1877. London: Phillimore.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. Provides a historical chronology of one English prison. A complex read at times, this work examines the local history of Bedfordshire, gives a detailed account of prison administrators, and argues that the administrators sought to manage a well-run institution.
  500. Stockdale, Eric. 1977. A study of Bedford prison, 1660–1877. London: Phillimore.
  501. Find this resource:
  502. Sykes, Gresham M. 2007. The society of captives: A study of a maximum security prison. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  503. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  504. A classic work, originally published in 1958, that examines the social order and control that occurs within a maximum-security prison as well as the psychological impact confinement has on the incarcerated. A must-read for students seeking to understand the precarious interaction between officers and inmates.
  505. Sykes, Gresham M. 2007. The society of captives: A study of a maximum security prison. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  506. Find this resource:
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement
Public Pastes
Advertisement
We use cookies for various purposes including analytics. By continuing to use Pastebin, you agree to our use of cookies as described in the Cookies Policy.  OK, I Understand
Not a member of Pastebin yet?
Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!