Advertisement
Guest User

Untitled

a guest
Aug 5th, 2015
159
0
Never
Not a member of Pastebin yet? Sign Up, it unlocks many cool features!
text 3.52 KB | None | 0 0
  1. Now let $mathbb{P}:={W:U^{-}subseteq Wmbox{ convex proper subset open in }A}$.
  2. We claim that the p.o. $(mathbb{P},subseteq)$ has the Zorn property.
  3. Clearly the union of any chain of convex subsets open in $A$,
  4. is again a convex subset open in $A$. Suppose it{per contra} that
  5. a union of a chain $mathcal{C}subseteqmathbb{P}$ is equal to $A$.
  6. Then since $A$ is compact, there must be a finite sub(chain) $mathcal{C}'subseteqmathcal{C}$
  7. for which $operatorname{max}(mathcal{C}')=bigcupmathcal{C}'=A$, which contracts
  8. the properties of members of $mathbb{P}$. Thus $mathbb{P}$ is non-empty
  9. and has the Zorn property. So fix $U^{+}$ open such that $U^{+}cap Ainmathbb{P}$ maximal.
  10.  
  11. textbf{Sub-claim 1:}
  12. $U^{+}cap Asubsetoperatorname{cl}_{A}U^{+}$ strictly.\
  13. textbf{Proof (sub-claim 1):}
  14. Let $xin U^{+}cap A$ and $yin Asetminus U^{+}$.
  15. Consider the map (here we need the underlying field to contain the reals topologically)\
  16. begin{math}begin{array}[t]{lrclll}
  17. &f &: &mathbb{F} &to &V\
  18. &&: &s &mapsto &s~x+(1-s)~y\
  19. end{array}end{math}\
  20. which is continuous and affine.
  21. Thus the set $S:={sin[0,1]:smapsto s~x+(1-s)~yin U^{+}cap A}
  22. =[0,1]cap f^{-1}U^{+}cap f^{-1}A)$
  23. is a convex. The set $f^{-1}A$ is closed convex and contains $0,1$,
  24. thus contains $[0,1]$. So $S=[0,1]cap f^{-1}U^{+}$ which is convex open
  25. in $[0,1]$. Since $0notin S$ and $1in S$, then $S=(a,1]$ some $ain[0,1)$.
  26. Clearly $f(a)=lim_{ssearrow a}f(s)$ which is a limit of vectors from $U^{+}cap A$,
  27. and thus lies in $operatorname{cl}U^{+}$. It also clearly lies in $A$,
  28. since $f^{-1}Asupseteq[0,1]$. We also have $f(a)notin U^{+}$.
  29. Thus $operatorname{cl}_{A}U^{+}setminus U^{+}
  30. =Acapoperatorname{cl}U^{+}setminus U^{+}
  31. supseteq{f(a)}$.
  32. Thus the containment is strict.
  33. QED (sub-claim 1)
  34.  
  35. textbf{Sub-claim 2:}
  36. If $Wsubseteq A$ is convex, then $U^{+}cup W$ is convex.\
  37. textbf{Proof (sub-claim 2):}
  38. Fix $xin U^{+}cap A,tin(0,1)$. Consider the map\
  39. begin{math}begin{array}[t]{lrclll}
  40. &T &: &V &to &V\
  41. &&: &y &mapsto &t~x+(1-t)~y\
  42. end{array}end{math}\
  43. This is continuous and affine. By the proposition below,
  44. we also see that $T(operatorname{cl}(U^{+}))subseteq U^{+}$.
  45. So $Acap T^{-1}U^{+}$ is convex, open in $A$, and contains $Acapoperatorname{cl}(U^{+})$
  46. which strictly contains $U^{+}cap A$ by Claim 1. Thus by maximality of $U^{+}$ in $mathbb{P}$,
  47. $Acap T^{-1}U^{+}overset{mbox{tiny must}}{=}A$. In particular, $T^{-1}U^{+}supseteq A$,
  48. and so $TWsubseteq TAsubseteq U^{+}$. Utilising such maps as $T$,
  49. we see that a convex-linear combination of any pair of
  50. elements from $U^{+}cup W$ is contained in $U^{+}cup W$.
  51. QED (sub-claim 2)
  52.  
  53. textbf{Sub-claim 3:}
  54. $Asetminus U^{+}$ is a singleton.\
  55. textbf{Proof (sub-claim 3):}
  56. Else, let $x_{1},x_{2}in Asetminus U^{+}$ distinct.
  57. Let $W$ be a convex open set separating $x_{1}$ from $x_{2}$.
  58. Then by Claim 3, $U^{+}cap Acup Wcap A$ is convex open in $A$.
  59. Since $x_{1}in Wsetminus U^{+}$, this convex set is strictly large than
  60. $U^{+}cap A$. By maximality of $U^{+}$ in $mathbb{P}$,
  61. we have that $U^{+}cap Acup Wcap A=Ani x_{2}$. But this contradicts
  62. the fact that $x_{2}notin U^{+}cup W$.
  63. QED (sub-claim 3)
  64.  
  65. At last, we claim that the point $ein Asetminus U^{+}$ is extreme in A.
  66. Consider $x,yin A$
  67. and $tin(0,1)$ for which $tx+(1-t)y=e$. Case by case, we see
  68. that if $x,yin U^{+}$ then $e=tx+tyin U^{+}$.
  69. If $xin Asetminus U^{+}$, $y=frac{e-tx}{1-t}=frac{e-te}{1-t}=e=x$.
  70. If $yin Asetminus U^{+}$, then $x=e=y$ similarly.
  71. Thus $e$ is extreme.
Advertisement
Add Comment
Please, Sign In to add comment
Advertisement