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When using CAS (Compare And Swap), how do I ensure the old value is actually old?
int grab_next_target(int* target) {
            do {
                    /* Intention: store current value of *target into old, so as
                       to ensure that old never changes */
                    int old = *target;
                    /* get new value based on old -- note that old is assumed not to change here */
                    int new;
                    if (1 == old) { /* imagine that old is 1 so new is now 20 */
                            new = 20;
                    } else if (2 == old) {
                            new = 300;
                    } else if (3 == old) {
                            new = -20;
                    } else if (4 == old) {
                            new = 400;
                    }
                    /* but the compiler has optimized
                       old to just read from *target, so *target could be
                       changed by another thread to be 4.  The CAS will succeed
                       and now target will hold the wrong value (it will hold 20, instead of 400)  */
            } while (!AO_compare_and_swap(target, old, new));
    }

int grab_next_target(volatile int *target) {
    ...
    int old = *target; // Guaranteed to access "target" exactly once
    ...
}