2017-01-17 TOEFL: word roots, history vocab

Greg Malivuk
greg.malivuk@gmail.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-sharks-so-awesome-tierney-thys
What are some of the shark’s evolutionary adaptations described in the video?
- cartilage rather than bones means less energy to move
- quickly replaced teeth
- skin armored with little “teeth”
- eyes with good dark vision (like cats)
- smell blood from far away
- ability to sense electrical fields (such as those created by other animals moving around)
- warm their blood with muscle movement
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Word Roots 6 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
re = again/back
reg = rule
retro = backward
rupt = break
scend = climb (“ascend” = climb up, “descend” = climb down)
scope/skep/spec = see/look
	“retrospect” and “hindsight” both mean looking back on something in the past
	“retrospect” has Latin roots and “hindsight” has Germanic roots
scrib/script = write (often verb forms end with “scribe” and nouns with “script” or “scription”)
	(“scripture” usually means religious writings, especially in the Bible)
sect = cut
semi = half (this is the Latin root, the Greek root is “hemi”, this s/h alternation is common)
sol = alone (as in “solitude” and “desolate” and “solo”)
sol = sun (as in “solar” and “solarium”)
soph = wise/wisdom
	(“sophomore” = wise fool)
struct = build
sub = under
*super = over
tele = far
term = end
	(Many words related to language and writing are related to words for “end”, with the roots “term” and “fin” - You put limits around the meaning of a word when you define it, for example.)
terr = earth/ground
therm = heat
trans = across
uni = one (this root is always pronounced with a ‘y’ sound at the beginning)
vac = empty
veri = true
viv/vit = life
vol = will/choice
xeno = foreign
zoo = animal (remove one ‘o’ before -ic suffix: azoic, paleozoic)
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In the video, shark skin denticles were covered with enameloid. Our teeth are covered with enamel.
What does the -oid suffix mean?
- similar to (but usually not the same)
- form (as in, “in the form of”)
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BREAK
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In pairs, find the words in the sentences that have the meanings described.
1 invention (n) - invent (v), inventive (adj)
2 kingdom (n)
3 rule (v/n) - ruler (n)
4 period (we use words like “age”, “epoch”, “era”, and “period” to name historical periods)
5 construct (v) - construction (n)
6 restrict (v) - restriction (n), restrictive/restricted/restricting (adj)
7 ancient (adj)
8 society (n) - social/societal (adj)
9 document (n/v) - documentation (n), documented (adj)
10 hierarchy (n)
11 found (v) - foundation (n)
12 civilization (n) - civil (adj), civilian (n), civilize (v), civilized/civilizing (adj)
13 settler (n) - settle (v), settled/settling (adj), settlement (n)
14 establish (v) - establishment (n), established/establishing (adj)
15 overthrow (v/n) - overthrown (adj)
16 monarchy (n) - monarch (n)
17 revolution (n) - revolutionary (n/adj)
18 declare (v) - declaration (n)
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Handout p. 41 - Choose the correct word to complete each sentence in part A, then write the correct form of the words to complete the paragraph in part B.
1 a
2 c
3 b
4 a
5 c
6 c
7 b
8 b
1 settled
2 established/founded
3 documents
4 society
5 hierarchy
6 rulers (A state led by a small group of people is an oligarchy.)
7 constructed
8 overthrown
9 declared
10 period
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DELTA p. 523 - Listen and take notes about the US history lecture. Then answer the questions on p. 524.
12 D - main idea
13 A - function
14 C - detail
15 D - function
16 A C - detail
17 B - inference
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Handout p. 42 - Take three minutes to read the paragraph and answer the three questions about it.
1 A
2 D
3 [1]/A
Why not in [2], [3], or [4]?
not [2] because “this” in the following sentence refers to “popular sovereignty” in the previous
not [3] or [4] because the inserted sentence gives introductory information and should go near the beginning
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Homework: DELTA p. 144-145 - Answer the questions about the passage on Langston Hughes. Because this is shorter than a regular TOEFL reading, see how much of it you can do in 10 minutes. (But if you don’t finish in that time, take a few extra minutes to try to answer all the questions.)