Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism
A. Metabolism, Energy and Life
1. Anabolic pathways use energy to create larger molecules while catabolic pathways breakdown molecules.

2. Kinetic energy is energy related with movement of matter while potential energy is due to the position or structure of matter.

3. An isolated system is any system that receives no or negligible energy from outside its defined boundary. An open system is any system that receives energy or has work done on it from outside its defined boundary. An organism is considered an open system because it receives energy from an exterior source, usually the sun and/or the foods that it consumes.
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8. The three kinds of cellular work are mechanical, chemical, and transport. Cells use ATP for this work.
9. ATP is composed of a 5 carbon sugar (ribose), a nitrogenous base, and a triphosphate group. ATP belongs to
10. When ATP is hydrolyzed, an inorganic phosphate is broken away from the molecule which releases energy. This energy is the form which cells derive most of their energy.

B. Protein Enzyme Regulates Metabolic Processes
11. Biological enzymes are macromolecules that act as a catalyst, or a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
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C. The Control Metabolism
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Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
D. The Principles of Energy Harvest
1. In general terms, explain the difference between respiration and fermentation.
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3. Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the addition of electrons.
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E. The Process of Cellular Respiration
7. The three steps of cellular respiration are glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis). Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, and pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondrion (where PO/CAC and OP are together known as cellular respiration in the language of biochemistry).
8. Desc how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes over time
9. ATP is required for the beginning of glycolysis because the first half of glycolysis requires energy investment to begin the process.
10. Substrate level phosphorylation takes pace in the 5th step of the Citric Acid Cycle, where it produces 1 ATP.
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16. ATP Synthase is a molecular rotary motor because it moves alongside the mitochondrial walls while rotating about its axis like an engine, fueled by the proton gradient.
17. The proton gradient is created by the proton pumps/transport/multi protein complexes during the ETC. The proton-motive force is so called because it has the capacity to do work (electrostatic/electromagnetic)
18. ATP ledger(?)
19. Around 36 ATP is produced; this is equivalent to (?) energy
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F. Related Metabolic Processes
21. Fermentation and aerobic respiration both do not require oxygen, but fermentation does not require an electron transport/respiratory chain while aerobic respiration does.
22. The basic state of fermentation is to harvest chemical energy without using oxygen or any electron transport/respiratory chains (without cellular respiration).
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26. The evidence that suggests that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway is that it can be observed in the majority of organisms on the planet.


Chapter 10 Photosynthesis
G. The Process that Feeds the Biosphere
1. In autotrophic nutrition, organisms create their own sources of energy and nutrition; heterotrophs actively seek and require nutrition from exterior sources.

2. The chloroplast has the following: stroma, granum, thylakoid, thylakoid space, inner membrane, intermembrane space, and the outer membrane.

3. Energy from light+ water+ co2 = sugar + oxygen


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H. The Pathways of Photosynthesis

5. The two main stages of photosynthesis are light reactions and the Calvin Cycle. In the light reaction, a photon becomes absorbed into the lining of the thylakoid membrane by chlorophyll pigments into PSll, cytochrome system, PSl and ATP synthase. In the Calvin Cycle,
6. The difference between absorption spectrum and
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8. The wavelengths that are most efficient for photosynthesis are between
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13. Oxidative phosphorylation in respiration and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are very similar. OP takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and PP takes place in the thylakoid membrane. OP takes place in the matrix or space inside the mitochondria and PP takes place in the stroma. Both use energy sources to convert ADP to ATP; OP oxidizes food for this conversion and PP uses light.
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I. Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon Fixation
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18. NOT DONE Photorespiration is thought to be an ancient relic because it behaves as if there was more oxygen in the air than there is carbon dioxide, which were the atmospheric conditions many millions of years ago.
20. List the possible fates of photosynthetic products.