# DEFINING FUNCTIONS

# define a function with no arguments and no return values
```python
def print_text():
    print 'this is text'
```

## call the function
```python
print_text()
```

## define a function with one argument and no return values
```python
def print_this(x):
    print x
```

## call the function
```python
print_this(3)       # prints 3
n = print_this(3)   # prints 3, but doesn't assign 3 to n
                    #   because the function has no return statement
```

## define a function with one argument and one return value
```python
def square_this(x):
    return x**2
```

## include an optional docstring to describe the effect of a function
```python
def square_this(x):
    """Return the square of a number."""
    return x**2
```

## call the function
```python
square_this(3)          # prints 9
var = square_this(3)    # assigns 9 to var, but does not print 9
```

## define a function with two 'positional arguments' (no default values) and
 one 'keyword argument' (has a default value)
```python
def calc(a, b, op='add'):
    if op == 'add':
        return a + b
    elif op == 'sub':
        return a - b
    else:
        print 'valid operations are add and sub'
```

## call the function
```python
calc(10, 4, op='add')   # returns 14
calc(10, 4, 'add')      # also returns 14: unnamed arguments are inferred by position
calc(10, 4)             # also returns 14: default for 'op' is 'add'
calc(10, 4, 'sub')      # returns 6
calc(10, 4, 'div')      # prints 'valid operations are add and sub'
```

# use 'pass' as a placeholder if you haven't written the function body
```python
def stub():
    pass
```

## return two values from a single function
```python
def min_max(nums):
    return min(nums), max(nums)
```

## return values can be assigned to a single variable as a tuple
```python
nums = [1, 2, 3]
min_max_num = min_max(nums)         # min_max_num = (1, 3)
```

## return values can be assigned into multiple variables using tuple unpacking
```python
min_num, max_num = min_max(nums)    # min_num = 1, max_num = 3
```


# ANONYMOUS (LAMBDA) FUNCTIONS
primarily used to temporarily define a function for use by another function

### define a function the "usual" way
```python
def squared(x):
    return x**2
```

### define an identical function using lambda
```python
squared = lambda x: x**2
```

### sort a list of strings by the last letter (without using lambda)
```python
simpsons = ['homer', 'marge', 'bart']
def last_letter(word):
    return word[-1]
sorted(simpsons, key=last_letter)
```

### sort a list of strings by the last letter (using lambda)
```python
sorted(simpsons, key=lambda word: word[-1])
```