:target {
   background-color: #ffa;
}

<div>

    <h1><a id="first">How can I...</a></h1>

    <h1><a id="second">...make this...</a></h1>

    <h1><a id="turd">Highlighted when....</a></h1>

    <h1><a id="furd">Visited by an...</a></h1>

    <h1><a id="earth">Anchor URL</a></h1>


</div>

var id=window.location.href.substring(window.location.href.lastIndexOf('/') + 1);
 $(id).css('background-color','red');

var hash = window.location.hash;
$('#'+hash).parent().css('background-color','red');

$("h1").each(function(a,b){
    $(this).find('a').click(function(){
        console.log(this);
        $(this).css('color','#333399');
    });
});